TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical features of PD patients.
| Baseline | 1-year | 2-year | 3-year | |
| Number of samples | 174 | 174 | 172 | 134 |
| Age, years, mean (SD), [95% CI] | 57.7 (10.8), [56.1–59.3] | 59.0 (10.8), [57.4–60.6] | 60.3 (10.8), [58.7–62.0] | 61.4 (11.2), [59.4–63.3] |
| Disease duration, median (IQR), [95% CI] | 1.5 (1.3), [1.4–1.7] | 2.7 (1.6), [2.7–3.0] | 4.0 (1.5), [3.9–4.3] | 5.0 (1.6), [5.0–5.4] |
| Male sex, n (%), [95% CI] | 89 (51.1), [1.4–1.6] | 89 (51.1), [1.4–1.6] | 87 (50.6), [1.4–1.6] | 70 (52.2), [1.4–1.6] |
| Education, median (IQR), [95% CI] | 12 (6), [10.5–11.7] | 12 (6), [10.5–11.7] | 12 (6), [10.5–11.7] | 12 (6), [10.3–11.7] |
| LEDD, mg/day, median (IQR), [95% CI] | 0 (300), [117.1–172.5] | 300 (300), [305.5–357.0] | 450 (250), [400.9–460.9] | 500 (275), [465.3–543.7] |
| Use of levodopa, n (%), [95% CI] | 64 (36.8), [0.3–0.4] | 118 (67.8), [0.6–0.8] | 137 (79.7), [0.7–0.9] | 115 (85.8), [0.8–0.9] |
| Use of dopamine agonist, n (%), [95% CI] | 45 (25.9), [0.2–0.3] | 116 (66.7), [0.6–0.7] | 144 (83.7), [0.8–0.9] | 116 (86.6), [0.8–0.9] |
| Use of MAO-B inhibitor, n (%), [95% CI] | 11 (6.3), [0–0.1] | 8 (4.6), [0–0.1] | 20 (11.6), [0.1–0.2] | 20 (14.9), [0.1–0.2] |
| Use of anti-depressant, n (%), [95% CI] | 6 (3.4), [0–0.1] | 5 (2.9), [0–0.1] | 14 (8.1), [0–0.1] | 14 (10.4), [0–0.1] |
| FAB score, median (IQR), [95% CI] | 17 (2), [16.4–16.9] | 17 (2), [16.3–16.9] | 17 (2), [16.3–16.8] | 17 (2), [16.2–16.8] |
| MOCA score, median (IQR), [95% CI] | 27 (4), [26.0–26.7] | 27 (4), [26.1–27.0] | 27 (4), [26.0–26.8] | 27 (4), [25.8–26.8] |
| HAMD score, median (IQR), [95% CI] | 6 (10), [6.7–8.8] | 6 (8), [6.2–8.0] | 6 (8), [6.2–8.1] | 7 (7), [6.6–8.7] |
| HAMA score, median (IQR), [95% CI] | 4 (8), [4.9–6.6] | 5 (7), [5.3–7.1] | 5 (7), [5.0–6.6] | 6 (7), [5.6–7.5] |
| LARS score, median (IQR), [95% CI] | −30 (10), [−28.7-−25.7] | −29 (9), [−28.5-−26.3] | −29 (11), [−27.8-−25.2] | −28 (11), [−27.0-−24.1] |
| FSS score, median (IQR), [95% CI] | 28 (32), [36.4–31.6] | 31 (30), [28.5–33.6] | 29 (31), [27.2–32.4] | 27 (32), [26.4–32.0] |
| UPDRS III score, median (IQR), [95% CI] | 22 (14), [21.7–24.9] | 24 (15), [23.7–26.8] | 26 (14), [25.9–29.1] | 27 (12), [26.8–30.8] |
| H&Y, median (IQR), [95% CI] | 2 (0), [1.8–2.0] | 2 (0), [2.0–2.1] | 2 (0), [2.1–2.2] | 2 (0.5), [2.1–2.3] |
PD, Parkinson’s disease; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; MAO-B, Monoamine oxidase type B; FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HAMA, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; LARS, Lille Apathy Rating Scale; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.