Table 2.
The associations between whole grains and dietary fiber with risk of liver cancer from the NIH–AARP Diet and Health Study.
| HR (95% CI) | P trend | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | Per SD increase | ||
| Whole grains | |||||||
| Case number | 214 | 194 | 198 | 155 | 179 | ||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.07) | 0.86 (0.71, 1.04) | 0.68 (0.56, 0.84) | 0.77 (0.64, 0.95) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.97) | 0.007 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 0.91 (0.74, 1.10) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) | 0.73 (0.59, 0.90) | 0.78 (0.63, 0.96) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) | 0.005 |
| Total dietary fiber | |||||||
| Case number | 193 | 210 | 177 | 187 | 173 | ||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 1.06 (0.87,1.29) | 0.88 (0.72,1.08) | 0.92 (0.75,1.12) | 0.84 (0.69,1.04) | 0.90 (0.83,0.98) | 0.016 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 1.04 (0.85,1.27) | 0.83 (0.67,1.04) | 0.84 (0.67,1.05) | 0.69 (0.53,0.90) | 0.81 (0.72,0.90) | <0.001 |
| Fiber from fruits | |||||||
| Case number | 185 | 197 | 186 | 185 | 187 | ||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.23) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.11) | 0.90 (0.74, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.760 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 1.06 (0.87, 1.30) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.24) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.20) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) | 0.822 |
| Fiber from vegetables | |||||||
| Case number | 211 | 186 | 202 | 180 | 161 | ||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 0.87 (0.72, 1.07) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.15) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.03) | 0.76 (0.62, 0.93) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.97) | 0.008 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.08) | 0.94 (0.77, 1.14) | 0.80 (0.65, 0.99) | 0.65 (0.52, 0.83) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.91) | <0.001 |
| Fiber from beans | |||||||
| Case number | 198 | 197 | 203 | 153 | 189 | ||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.25) | 0.77 (0.62, 0.95) | 0.96 (0.78, 1.17) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.214 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.28) | 0.77 (0.62, 0.96) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.10) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.99) | 0.023 |
| Fiber from grains | |||||||
| Case number | 196 | 205 | 169 | 198 | 172 | ||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) | 0.83 (0.68, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.79, 1.18) | 0.82 (0.67, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | 0.055 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.24) | 0.82 (0.67, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | 0.78 (0.62, 0.99) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.037 |
The SDs of intake were 0.86 oz/day for whole grains, 10.9 g/day for total dietary fiber, 3.6 g/day for fiber from fruits, 4.8 g/day for fiber from vegetables, 2.9 g/day for fiber from beans, and 4.0 g/day for fiber from grains.
Cox proportional hazard regression models were used. All P-values were two-sided. Model 1 were stratified by sex, adjusted for age at baseline (continuous). Model 2 further adjusted for level of education (‘≤11 years’, ‘high school’, ‘vocational technology school’, ‘some college’, ‘college/postgraduate’), race (‘non-Hispanic white’, ‘non-Hispanic black’, ‘Hispanic’, ‘Asian, Pacific Islander, or American Indian/Alaskan native’), BMI ('<25', '25–30', '30+' kg/m2), alcohol use ('non-drinker', '0.1–4.9', '5–9.9', '10+',gram/day), tobacco smoking ('never smoked', 'former smoker', 'current smoker'), physical activity ('never', 'rarely', '1–3 time per month', '1–2 times per week', '3–4 times per week', '5 + times per week'), history of diabetes ('no', 'yes') and total energy intake (continuous).