Table 3.
Sensitivity analyses and stratified analyses of association between antibiotics use and diabetes incidence.
| Total | Event | aHR (95% CI) by the number of cumulative days antibiotics prescribed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-user | 1–29 | 30–89 | ≥ 90 | p for interaction | |||
| Sensitivity analyses | |||||||
| Wash-out period | |||||||
| No wash-out (Main) | 201,459 | 13,766 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.98 (0.93 1.04) | 1.04 (0.97 1.11) | 1.16 (1.07 1.26) | |
| 1-year wash-out | 200,693 | 13,000 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.98 (0.93 1.04) | 1.03 (0.97 1.10) | 1.13 (1.04 1.23) | |
| 2-year wash-out | 199,722 | 12,029 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.98 (0.92 1.04) | 1.03 (0.96 1.10) | 1.12 (1.03 1.22) | |
| 3-year wash-out | 198,538 | 10,845 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.97 (0.91 1.03) | 1.03 (0.96 1.10) | 1.11 (1.01 1.22) | |
| Stratified analyses | |||||||
| Age | |||||||
| < 60 years | 156,487 | 9,552 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.02 (0.95 1.09) | 1.05 (0.98 1.13) | 1.20 (1.09 1.33) | 0.691 |
| ≥ 60 years | 44,972 | 4,214 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.90 (0.81 1.01) | 1.01 (0.89 1.13) | 1.07 (0.93 1.24) | |
| Body Mass Index | |||||||
| < 25 kg/m2 | 138,188 | 6,564 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.92 (0.85 1.00) | 0.98 (0.90 1.08) | 1.14 (1.02 1.28) | 0.407 |
| ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 63,271 | 7,202 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.04 (0.96 1.13) | 1.09 (0.99 1.19) | 1.17 (1.04 1.31) | |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never | 137,521 | 8,598 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.98 (0.91 1.06) | 1.07 (0.98 1.16) | 1.13 (1.01 1.25) | 0.623 |
| Ever | 63,938 | 5,168 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.97 (0.89 1.05) | 0.97 (0.88 1.07) | 1.22 (1.07 1.39) | |
| Alcohol consumption days/week | |||||||
| Never | 111,480 | 7,362 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (0.92 1.09) | 1.10 (1.00 1.20) | 1.19 (1.06 1.33) | 0.599 |
| 1 day or over | 89,979 | 6,404 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.97 (0.90 1.05) | 0.98 (0.90 1.07) | 1.14 (1.01 1.29) | |
| Physical activity, times/week | |||||||
| Never | 100,112 | 7,095 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.01 (0.93 1.09) | 1.06 (0.97 1.16) | 1.24 (1.11 1.39) | 0.939 |
| 1 time or over | 101,347 | 6,671 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.96 (0.88 1.03) | 1.01 (0.93 1.11) | 1.07 (0.95 1.21) | |
| Household income | |||||||
| Lower half | 69,916 | 5,206 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.98 (0.89 1.07) | 1.06 (0.95 1.17) | 1.22 (1.07 1.39) | 0.571 |
| Upper half | 131,543 | 8,560 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.99 (0.92 1.06) | 1.03 (0.95 1.11) | 1.12 (1.01 1.25) | |
| Family history of diabetes | |||||||
| No | 190,138 | 12,581 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.97 (0.92 1.03) | 1.03 (0.96 1.10) | 1.16 (1.06 1.26) | 0.301 |
| Yes | 11,321 | 1,185 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.10 (0.90 1.33) | 1.13 (0.91 1.41) | 1.13 (0.84 1.52) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | |||||||
| 0 | 94,149 | 5,853 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.02 (0.96 1.09) | 1.03 (0.95 1.13) | 1.06 (0.90 1.25) | 0.491 |
| 1 or ever | 107,310 | 7,913 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.90 (0.81 1.00) | 0.97 (0.87 1.08) | 1.08 (0.96 1.22) | |
| Total cholesterol | |||||||
| < 200 mg/dL | 109,864 | 6,080 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.99 (0.91 1.08) | 1.05 (0.96 1.16) | 1.12 (0.99 1.27) | 0.374 |
| ≥ 200 mg/dL | 91,595 | 7,686 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.98 (0.90 1.05) | 1.03 (0.95 1.12) | 1.19 (1.07 1.33) | |
| Acid suppressants use | |||||||
| No | 55,784 | 3,459 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.02 (0.94 1.10) | 1.08 (0.96 1.22) | 1.00 (0.78 1.29) | 0.288 |
| Yes | 145,675 | 10,307 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.94 (0.87 1.02) | 1.00 (0.92 1.09) | 1.13 (1.02 1.25) | |
aHR adjusted hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ref. reference.
Model Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, days with alcohol drinking per week, physical activity, household income, residence, family history of diabetes, Charlson comorbidity index, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, and acid suppressants use. The estimates were based on fully adjusted models.