Fig. 5. Cell replacement therapy using in vitro-expanded hepatocytes to treat liver diseases.

a Isolated primary hepatocytes from healthy donors can be expanded in vitro and cryopreserved in a biobank to provide a large supply of high-quality donor material. Biobank material can be employed for orthologous hepatocyte transplantation in patients with liver diseases. b Novel gene editing techniques^158–163 and hepatocyte-specific delivery methods^164–166 can be applied to patient-derived hepatocytes for ex vivo gene editing to enable autologous hepatocyte transplantation.