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. 2021 Oct 7;53(10):1529–1538. doi: 10.1038/s12276-021-00681-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Circadian clocks reciprocally interact with multiple pathways involved in cellular homeostasis and metabolism. Circadian rhythm disruptions caused by genetic, environmental, and pathological risk factors promote cancer onset and progression characterized by cancer hallmarks. Conversely, several types of chronotherapeutic interventions can enhance or restore circadian rhythms to reduce cancer pathogenesis and improve the response to anticancer treatment. MBL morning bright light, MEL melatonin, GCs glucocorticoids, CR caloric restriction, IF intermittent fasting.