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. 2021 Nov 4;11:21645. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00976-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cortical infusion of selective α2-AR antagonists blocked VNS-induced motor map reorganization. (A) Example cortical motor maps from subjects in each treatment group; representative maps are from subjects in each group that exhibited the median total map area and proximal forelimb (PFL) representation for that group. DFL: distal forelimb; Ant.: anterior body representation (vibrissa, head, or neck); Post.: posterior body representation (trunk, hindlimb, or tail); NR: non-responsive. (B) Cannula infusion of 1 μL sodium fluorescein dye was used to estimate drug diffusion within the cortex. (C) Total motor map area was significantly larger in VNS treated rats that received yohimbine (yoh) infusion compared to other groups. (D) To control for variation in total map size across subjects, subregion areas were normalized to total map area for each subject. VNS paired with lever training significantly enlarged the normalized PFL representation in vehicle-infused rats. In yohimbine-infused rats, VNS-driven PFL expansion was blocked. In (C), (D), filled circles indicate data for individual rats; error bars denote SEM; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, Tukey post hoc comparison.