TABLE 3.

Summary of various biomaterials for cartilage endplate repair and their functions.

Material type	Material composition	Target cell/gene		In vivo experimental model	Repair effect	References
ADSC-TEC			Rat ADSCs	Rat disc degeneration model	Disc height, endplate, and annulus fibrinoid structure were maintained, and age-related biomechanical impairments were reduced	Ishiguro et al. (2019)
NP, CEP, and CPP substrate			Bovine articular chondrocytes and NP cells	NA	A continuous layer of NP tissue was formed and fused with the underlying cartilagenous tissue, which in turn was integrated with the porous CPP to improve the interface between the bone substitute and THE IVD tissue	Hamilton et al. (2006)
Outer AF cells inoculated with angular layer, multilayer PC PU scaffold and articular chondral cells			Bovine outer AF cells and articular chondral cells	NA	The outer AF tissue was integrated with the cartilage and similar to the natural interface. The apparent tensile strength of the in vitro interface was also significantly increased	Chong et al. (2020)