Table 5.

Therapeutic Effects of PG and its ginsenosides on chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo

Treatment	Experimental mode	Effects	Monitored indices	Mechanism	Reference
PG	CP-treated male albino rats	Improvement of hepatic dysfunctions and damage	(↓) ALT, AST; histological changes of liver		[119]
PG	CY-treated male albino rats	Improvement of hepatic dysfunctions and damage; antioxidant effect; anti-apoptotic effect; anti-inflammatory effect	(↓) ALT, AST, ALP; histological changes of liver	(↓) MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, caspase3 (↑) CAT, SOD, GPX, Bcl-2	[120]
PG	CY-treated male Sprague-Dawley rats	Improvement of hepatic dysfunctions and damage; antioxidant effect; anti-inflammatory effect; regulation of the disordered homeostasis of GSH and bile acid	(↓) ALT, AST, ALP; histological changes of liver	(↓) MDA; IL-6, IL-10 (↑) GSH, CAT, SOD, GPO, Nrf2, bile acids homeostasis, GCLC, GCLM, GS, GST, FXR, CYP7A1, NTCP, MRP 3	[121]
Ginsenoside Rg1	CP-treated C57BL/6 male mice	Improvement of hepatic dysfunctions and damage; antioxidant effect	(↓) ALT, AST, ALP; histological changes of liver	(↓) LDH, ROS; Keap1 activity (↑) GSH, Nrf2, p62, JNK	[122]

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; CP, cisplatin; CY, cyclophosphamide; CAT, catalase; CYP7A1, cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; GPO, glutathione peroxidase; GCLC, glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit; GCLM, glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit; GS, GSH synthase; GST, GSH transfer enzyme; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MRP 3, multi-drug resistance-associated protein 3; NTCP, Na + -taurocholate-cotransporting protein; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid related factor 2; PG, Panax ginseng; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α