Figure 4.
Alternative splicing in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. A. Alternative splicing of CD44 and splicing factors that affect the splicing process of CD44. B. RON generates RON and ΔRON isoforms by alternative splicing and involves the participation of other splicing factors. C. The regulatory mechanism of CD44s, ΔRON, PUNTS, and TMP1V2/V7 splicing isoforms on cell invasion and metastasis. ESRP1, epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1; hnRNPA1, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1; hnRNPH, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H; hnRNPA2B1, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1; SRSF1, serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1; RhoA, Ras homolog family member A; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT, AKT serine/threonine kinase; FOXO1, forkhead box O1; HAS, hyaluronidase 2; HA, hyaluronic acid; RBM4, RNA-binding motif 4; hnRNPE1, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1.