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. 2021 Apr 20;110:110330. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110330

Table 4.

Regression coefficients to explain COVID-19 impact on mental health outcomes.

 Mental distress
 Mental wellbeing
 Anxiety symptoms
 Depressive symptoms
B SE t B SE T B SE t B SE t
(Intercept) 5.31 0.26 20.76⁎⁎ 25.28 0.26 98.29⁎⁎ 1.03 0.03 36.75⁎⁎ 1.14 0.02 46.81⁎⁎
Sex (ref.: male)
Female 1.71 0.26 6.64⁎⁎ −1.16 0.26 −4.47⁎⁎ 0.19 0.03 6.89⁎⁎ 0.11 0.02 4.39⁎⁎
Ethnic group (ref.: White Caucasian)
Non-White Caucasian −0.56 0.90 −0.62 0.29 0.90 0.32 0.04 0.10 0.43 −0.09 0.09 −1.00
Number of members in household −0.01 0.14 −0.08 0.09 0.14 0.63 0.01 0.02 0.52 0.01 0.01 1.05
Outdoor spaces at home (ref.: yes) 1.04 0.76 1.38 0.36 0.76 0.48 0.10 0.08 1.24 0.05 0.07 0.73
Change in household composition 0.18 0.26 0.68 −0.12 0.26 −0.48 −0.01 0.03 −0.25 −0.03 0.02 −1.12
Financial management (ref.: similar or better management) 0.31 0.26 1.18 −0.08 0.27 −0.29 0.01 0.03 0.30 0.00 0.03 0.19
Change in sleep time1 −0.07 0.11 −0.65 −0.05 0.11 −0.42 −0.01 0.01 −1.15 0.00 0.01 −0.31
Social support2 −0.50 0.15 −3.27⁎⁎ 0.92 0.15 5.93⁎⁎ −0.01 0.02 −0.77 −0.03 0.01 −2.11⁎
Loneliness3 2.09 0.14 14.44⁎⁎ −1.91 0.15 −13.18⁎⁎ 0.13 0.02 8.38⁎⁎ 0.18 0.01 13.02⁎⁎
Change in smoking pattern4 0.54 0.15 3.50⁎⁎ −0.26 0.16 −1.69 0.03 0.02 1.53 0.01 0.01 0.52
Change in drinking pattern5 0.08 0.12 0.71 −0.01 0.12 −0.08 0.00 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.52
Change in perceived stress (ref.: no more feelings of stress) 2.12 0.24 8.66⁎⁎ −1.79 0.25 −7.30⁎⁎ 0.22 0.03 8.11⁎⁎ 0.16 0.02 6.85⁎⁎
Change in conflict level (ref.: no more conflict around) 0.94 0.29 3.28⁎⁎ −1.03 0.29 −3.60⁎⁎ 0.10 0.03 3.32⁎⁎ 0.12 0.03 4.35⁎⁎
Adolescent psychopathology class (ref.: low-symptom class)
High-symptom 2.05 0.29 6.98⁎⁎ −1.30 0.30 −4.40⁎⁎ 0.17 0.03 5.24⁎⁎ 0.16 0.03 5.67⁎⁎
Substance/behavioural addictions 0.28 0.41 0.68 0.09 0.41 0.23 −0.07 0.04 −1.68 −0.04 0.04 −0.92
Emotion-dysregulation 2.14 0.62 3.49⁎⁎ −1.97 0.62 −3.18⁎⁎ 0.17 0.07 2.46⁎ 0.09 0.06 1.46

Note. Mental distress was measured using the Kessler K6 Scale. Mental wellbeing was measured using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Health and Wellbeing Scale (WEMHWS). Anxiety symptoms was measured using the 2-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-2). Depressive symptoms were measured using the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2). Linear regression was used to model mental distress (K6 score) and mental wellbeing (WEMHWS score) solutions. Generalised linear regression (under gamma distribution) was used to model anxious symptoms (GAD-2 score) and depressive symptoms (PHQ-2 score) solutions. All the regressions models were weighted using specific loading to ensure representativeness across the UK.

B = Regression loading. SE = Standard error of B. t = Contrast test.

1

Difference the duration of sleep (in hours) before and during the COVID-19 lockdown.

2

Measured using the Social Provisions Scale.

3

Measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale.

4

Difference in the of number of cigarettes smoked per day before and during the COVID-19 lockdown.

5

Difference in the number of alcohol drinks before and during the COVID-19 lockdown.

⁎

p < .05.

⁎⁎

p < .01.