Figure 2.

Impact of autophagy on tumor progression. In normal cells, autophagy restricts the tumorigenesis by limiting genome instability and strong inflammation. However, when the tumor is established, autophagy has been shown to promote tumor development, including the tumor progression, migration, and the formation of metastasis. Autophagy has also been associated to a better resistance to antitumor radio- or chemotherapies. In contrast to support tumor, autophagy favors the antitumor immune responses, promoting the immunogenic cell death and the presentation of tumor antigens to the adaptive immune cells. Protumor effects of autophagy are written in red and antitumor effects in green. Effect of autophagy (blue) is indicated at different steps of tumor development. ROS, Radical oxygen species; EMT, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.