Skip to main content
. 2021 Oct 22;11:743780. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743780

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Relations between oncolytic viruses and autophagy in tumor. Oncolytic viruses induce an immunogenic cell death by inducing autophagy, which favors the cell death of tumor-infected cells and the release of immunogenic molecules (e.g., HMGB1, ATP, or HSPs proteins). More specifically, CARds replication induces autophagy by an inhibition of mTORC1, which enhances the induction of cell death and the release of immunogenic molecules. MeV induces mitophagy to eliminate mitochondria, resulting to a decrease of apoptosis and an increase of necrosis, a more immunogenic cell death. NDV infection increases ER stress, resulting to an induction of autophagic cell death and the secretion of immunogenic molecules. In addition, HSV-2 infection can also perturb the tumor microenvironment by favoring the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules (e.g., TNFα, IL-1β; and GM-CSF) and limiting the production of immunosuppressive molecules (e.g., IL-10 and TGFβ). CRads, Conditionally Replicating Adenoviruses; MeV, Measles Virus; NDV, Newcastle Disease Virus; HSV-2, Herpes Simplex Virus 2; ADCD, autophagy-dependent cell death.