Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort (N=40).
| Characteristic | Values | P value | ||
|
|
Intervention group (n=21) | Control group (n=19) |
|
|
| Male gender, n (%) | 10 (48) | 10 (53) | .99 | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 33.0 (5.8) | 32.4 (4.4) | .71 | |
| Ethnic background, n (%) | .38 | |||
|
|
East/Southeast Asian | 8 (38) | 3 (16) |
|
|
|
Subcontinental | 5 (24) | 7 (37) |
|
|
|
European | 4 (19) | 6 (32) |
|
|
|
Other | 4 (19) | 3 (16) |
|
| Nonsmoker, n (%) | 11 (52) | 14 (74) | .17 | |
| Education, n (%) | .14 | |||
|
|
TAFEa/university | 19 (91) | 13 (68) |
|
|
|
High school | 2 (10) | 5 (26) |
|
|
|
Not disclosed | 0 (0) | 1 (5) |
|
| Duration of diabetes (years), mean (SD) | 7.6 (6.2) | 5.0 (5.9) | .18 | |
| Diabetes treatment, n (%) | .32 | |||
|
|
Diet alone | 2 (10) | 5 (26) |
|
|
|
Oral hypoglycemic medication | 14 (67) | 8 (42) |
|
|
|
Insulin oral hypoglycemic agent | 5 (24) | 6 (32) |
|
| HbA1cb (%), mean (SD) | 7.2 (1.6) | 7.3 (2.1) |
|
|
| HbA1c range (%), n (%) | .94 | |||
|
|
<6.5 | 9 (43) | 9 (47) |
|
|
|
6.5-8.5 | 8 (38) | 8 (42) |
|
|
|
>8.5 | 4 (19) | 2 (10) |
|
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 31.8 (8.6) | 31.6 (5.1) | .92 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 118 (11) | 118 (9) | .94 | |
| Antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 7 (33) | 4 (21) | .39 | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.6 (1.2) | 4.7 (0.9) | .87 | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 2.1 (1.6) | 2.7 (2.1) | .32 | |
| Lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | 6 (29) | 7 (37) | .58 | |
| eGFRc (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean (SD) | 111 (19) | 112 (13) | .88 | |
| Abnormal UACRd, n (%) | 8 (38) | 6 (32) | .67 | |
| HLQe Scale 2 scoref, mean (SD) | 3.1 (0.3) | 3.3 (0.5) | .14 | |
| HLQ Scale 6 scoreg, mean (SD) | 4.0 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.6) | .40 | |
aTAFE: Technical and Further Education.
bHbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c.
ceGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
dUACR: urine albumin to creatinine ratio.
eHLQ: Health Literacy Questionnaire.
fHLQ Scale 2 score reflects an individual’s confidence in their knowledge to manage their health. Higher scores equate to higher confidence levels.
gHLQ Scale 6 score reflects an individual’s confidence in their ability to actively engage with health care providers. Higher scores equate to higher confidence levels.