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. 2021 Sep 29;297(5):101231. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101231

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© 2021 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Loss of TDP-43 causes synapsis defects in spermatocytes. Nonhomologous pairing and defective synapsis revealed by SYCP3 staining and structure illumination microscopy (SIM) microscopy. A, normal homologous pairing and synapsis in WT spermatocyte at pachynema. Two parallel SYCP3 lines in the inset indicate end-to-end synapsis of a pair of homologous chromosomes. B, various defective synapsis patterns in Tardbp cKO are shown. The schematics of the insets demonstrate partner exchange among nonhomologous chromosomes in Tardbp cKO. Note: five chromosomes participate in partner exchange in the left inset and four in the right inset. The scale bar represents 1 μm in panels A and B and 10 μm in the magnified images. SYCP3, synaptonemal complex protein 3; TDP-43, transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa.