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. 2021 Oct 22;12:740939. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.740939

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Copyright © 2021 Mira, Lira and Cerpa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Microglia in response to TBI. After TBI of different severities, microglia are activated where they proliferate, increase in size and complexity. There are reports that microglia polarize into possible phenotypes, M1 and M2. M1 microglia release mainly proinflammatory cytokines and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. On the other hand, M2 microglia release mainly anti-inflammatory cytokines and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Microglia also activate the NLRP3-inflammasome protein complex and release extracellular vesicles to spread neuroinflammation. The cartoon was made using SERVIER Medical Art templates smart.servier.com.