Table 3.
Vulnerability for racist discrimination and psychosis risk.
| Study | F/S | Dia-gnosis | k | n1 | n2 | Statistical value and variance | Summary statistical value+ or common size effect++ and variance | I 2 | Q |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin color white | |||||||||
| Selten et al. | F + S | NAP | 19 | RR = 1.65 (1.46–1.85) | d = 0.27 (0.21–0.34) | 97.1 | |||
| Cantor-Gr. et al. | F + S | SCZ | 16 | 799 | 1,5902 | RR = 2.3 (1.8–3.0) | d = 0.46 (0.32–0.61) | ||
| Borque et al. | F | PD | 19 | 1,808 | 20,853 | IRR = 1.8 (1.6–2.1) | d = 0.33 (0.26–0.41) | 89.7 | 175.4*** |
| Borque et al. | F | PD | 4 | 243 | 5,566 | IRR = 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | d = 0.35 (0.10–0.61) | 87.2 | 23.5*** |
| Total | d = 0.34 (0.26–0.41) | 51.5 | 6.18* | ||||||
| Skin color black | |||||||||
| Selten et al. | F + S | NAP | 23 | RR = 4.19 (3.42–5.14)**** | d = 0.79 (0.68–0.90) | 94.3 | |||
| Cantor-Gr. et al. | F + S | SCZ | 16 | 896 | 24,931 | RR = 4.8 (3.7–6.2) | d = 0.86 (0.72–1.01) | ||
| Olbert et al. | BI | SCZ | 52 | 863,293 | 2,532,655 | OR = 2.42 (1.59–3.66)**** | d = 0.49 (0.25–0.71) | 98.3 | |
| Borque et al. | F | PD | 18 | 1,711 | 25,255 | IRR = 4.0 (3.4–4.6) | d = 0.76 (0.67–0.84) | 79 | 80.8*** |
| Borque et al. | F | PD | 7 | 127 | 279 | IRR = 5.4 (3.2–8.8) | d = 0.92 (0.64–1.19) | 78.9 | 28.4*** |
| Total | d = 0.77 (0.67–0.87) | 54.8 | 8.85* | ||||||
| Skin color other | |||||||||
| Selten et al. | F + S | NAP | 11 | RR = 1.73 (1.41–2.14) | d = 0.30 (0.18–0.42) | 95.1 | |||
| Cantor-Gr. et al. | F + S | SCZ | 11 | 649 | 13,782 | RR = 2.2 (1.6–3.0) | d = 0.43 (0.26–0.61) | ||
| Borque et al. | F | PD | 16 | 505 | 14,765 | IRR = 2.0 (1.6–2.5) | d = 0.38 (0.26–0.51) | 84.7 | 97.8*** |
| Borque et al. | F | PD | 5 | 51 | 8,843 | IRR = 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | d = 0.38 (0.00–0.76) | 73.8 | 15.3*** |
| Total | d = 0.36 (0.28–0.43) | 0 | 1.7ns | ||||||
| Ethnic density | |||||||||
| High | |||||||||
| Bosqoui et al. | PD | 5 | IRR = 2.52 (1.28–5.32) | d = 0.51 (0.14–0.92) | 0 | ||||
| Low | |||||||||
| Bosqoui et al. | PD | 5 | IRR = 4.51 (2.25–8.58) | d = 0.83 (0.45–1.19) | 0 | ||||
Summary effects and qualitative review of included meta-analyses. F, first-generation migrant; S, second-generation migrant; BI, black individuals; PD, psychotic disorder; NAP, non-affective psychosis. SCZ, schizophrenia; k, number of effect sizes; n1, number of cases; n2, number of controls; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; IRR, incidence rate ratio; d, Cohen's d; +pooled result of several meta-analyses written in bold letters; ++one meta-analysis available, result converted in common effect size and presented qualitatively; Q, Cochran's Q heterogeneity statistics; I2, I2 index for heterogeneity. *p < 0.3; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01;****p < 0.001; ns, not significant.