Table 2.
Percentage changes and correlates of physical IPV from 2005-06 to 2015-16 as per the National Family Health Survey (Rounds 3 and 4), India
| NFHS-3 | NFHS-4 | % Relative change | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) and p-value |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 34.3 (33.9–34.6) | 29.2 (28.5–29.8) | −14.9 | |||
| Age | ||||||
| 15–19 (Ref) | 24.6 (23.4–25.8) | 17.7 (16.1–19.2) | −28.0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 20–24 | 31.9 (31.1–32.8) | 24.8 (23.9–25.6) | −22.3 | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.2 (1.03–1.4) | 0.02 |
| 25–34 | 35.1 (34.3–35.9) | 28.9 (28.1–29.7) | − 17.7 | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.77 |
| 35+ | 36 (35.5–36.5) | 31.1 (30.6–31.5) | −13.6 | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.94 |
| Respondents education | ||||||
| No education (Ref) | 44.3 (43.7–44.8) | 39.5 (38.7–40.2) | −10.8 | 1 | 1 | |
| Primary | 36.3 (35.4–37.3) | 35.6 (34.6–36.6) | −1.9 | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.82 |
| Secondary+ | 20.9 (20.3–21.4) | 21.5 (21.0–21.9) | 2.9 | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) | 0.8 (0.7–0.8) | 0.00 |
| Partner Education | ||||||
| No education (Ref) | 45.1 (44.3–45.8) | 41.2 (40.3–42.1) | −8.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| Primary | 42.1 (41.1–43.0) | 36.3 (35.3–37.3) | −13.8 | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.96 |
| Secondary+ | 27 (26.5–27.4) | 24.3 (23.9–24.7) | −10.0 | 0.5 (0.5–0.5) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Wealth Status | ||||||
| Poorest (Ref) | 46.4 (45.5–47.3) | 41.7 (40.8–42.7) | −10.1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Poorer | 43.2 (42.4–44.1) | 36.4 (35.5–37.2) | −15.7 | 0.7 (0.7–0.7) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.07 |
| Middle | 37.3 (36.5–38.2) | 30.7 (29.9–31.5) | −17.7 | 0.5 (0.5–0.6) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Richer | 29.8 (29.0–30.6) | 25.2 (24.4–25.9) | −15.4 | 0.4 (0.4–0.4) | 0.7 (0.6–0.7) | 0.00 |
| Richest | 16.3 (15.6–16.9) | 15.8 (15.2–16.4) | −3.1 | 0.3 (0.2–0.3) | 0.5 (0.5–0.6) | 0.00 |
| Religion | ||||||
| Hindu | 34 (33.6–34.5) | 30.2 (29.8–30.6) | −11.2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Non-Hindu | 35.2 (34.4–36.1) | 27.1 (26.3–27.9) | −23.0 | 0.7 (0.7–0.7) | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 27.8 (27.2–28.5) | 23.5 (23.0–24.1) | −15.5 | 1 | 1 | |
| Rural | 37.1 (36.6–37.5) | 32.2 (31.7–32.6) | −13.2 | 1.4 (1.3–1.4) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Region | ||||||
| North(Ref) | 29.0 (28.0–30.0) | 21 (20.06–21.8) | −27.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| Central | 40.2 (39.5–41.0) | 33.2 (32.5–34.0) | −17.4 | 2.1 (2.0–2.2) | 1.3 (1.3–1.4) | 0.00 |
| East | 40.7 (39.9–41.5) | 34.8 (34.0–35.5) | −14.5 | 2.5 (2.4–2.7) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 0.00 |
| North-east | 33.1 (31.1–35.0) | 23.7 (21.9–25.5) | −28.4 | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.01 |
| West | 27.6 (26.7–28.5) | 19.5 (18.7–20.2) | −29.3 | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.08 |
| South | 28.3 (27.6–29.1) | 31.7 (31.0–32.5) | 12.0 | 1.9 (1.8–2.0) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 0.00 |
| Parity | ||||||
| 0(Ref) | 21.4 (20.4–22.4) | 16.1 (15.2–17.0) | −24.8 | 1 | ||
| 1–2 | 27.5 (27.0–28.1) | 25.9 (25.5–26.4) | −5.8 | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | 1.5 (1.3–1.6) | 0.00 |
| 3+ | 42.2 (41.7–42.8) | 36.7 (36.1–37.3) | −13.0 | 2.5 (2.3–2.7) | 1.7 (1.6–1.9) | 0.00 |
| Economic empowerment status | ||||||
| Not empower | – | 25.7 (25.1–26.2) | – | 1 | 1 | |
| Empower | – | 32.0 (31.5–32.5) | – | 1.4 (1.3–1.4) | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 0.00 |
| Witnessing parental Violence | ||||||
| No(Ref) | 29.3 (28.9–29.7) | 23.0 (22.6–23.3) | −21.5 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 56.4 (55.5–57.2) | 52.8 (51.9–53.6) | −6.4 | 4.1 (3.9–4.3) | 3.3 (3.2–3.5) | 0.00 |
| Duration of cohabitation in years | ||||||
| 0–4(Ref) | 20.9 (20.2–21.7) | 17.6 (16.9–18.3) | −15.8 | 1 | 1 | |
| 5–9 | 34.1 (33.3–34.9) | 29.6 (28.7–30.4) | − 13.2 | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | 1.4 (1.3–1.6) | 0.00 |
| 10–14 | 38.7 (37.8–39.6) | 31.8 (30.9–32.7) | −17.8 | 1.9 (1.8–2.1) | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) | 0.00 |
| 15–19 | 37.9 (37.0–38.9) | 32.4 (31.5–33.3) | −14.5 | 2.0 (1.8–2.1) | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | 0.00 |
| 20+ | 38.2 (37.5–38.9) | 33.0 (32.4–33.7) | −13.6 | 2.0 (1.9–2.1) | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | 0.00 |
| Number of co wives | ||||||
| None(Ref) | 34 (33.6–34.4) | 28.8 (28.5–29.2) | −15.3 | 1 | 1 | |
| One and more | 48.6 (45.6–51.5) | 51.5 (48.4–54.6) | 6.0 | 1.9 (1.7–2.2) | 1.6 (1.3–1.8) | 0.00 |
| Age at first marriage | ||||||
| Below 18(Ref) | 40.1 (39.6–40.6) | 34.6 (34.1–35.2) | −13.7 | 1 | ||
| More than 18 years | 25.7 (25.2–26.3) | 25.1 (24.6–25.5) | −2.3 | 0.6 (0.6–0.7) | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Partners controlling behaviours | ||||||
| No(Ref) | 24.1 (23.6–24.5) | 17.9 (17.5–18.3) | −25.7 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 49.6 (49.0–50.2) | 42.3 (41.7–42.9) | −14.7 | 3.4 (3.3–3.6) | 2.8 (2.7–2.9) | 0.00 |
| Partner drink alcohol | ||||||
| No(Ref) | 27 (26.6–27.4) | 21.2 (20.8–21.5) | −21.5 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 49.7 (49.0–50.3) | 49.8 (49.1–50.5) | 0.2 | 3.4 (3.3–3.5) | 2.6 (2.5–2.7) | 0.00 |