Table 4.
Percentage changes and correlates of emotional IPV from 2005-06 to 2015-16 as per the. National Family Health Survey (Rounds 3 and 4), India
| NFHS 3 | NFHS 4 | % Relative change | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) and p-Value |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 14.8 (14.5–15.1) | 13.2 (12.4–13.8) | −11.0 | |||
| Age | ||||||
| 15–19 (Ref) | 12.0 (11.0–12.9) | 12.7 (10.7–13.4) | 0.7 | 1 | 1 | |
| 20–24 | 13.4 (12.8–14.2) | 11.2 (10.5–11.8) | −16.8 | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.03 |
| 25–34 | 15.0 (14.4–15.6) | 12.6 (12.0–13.2) | −16 | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 0.01 |
| 35+ | 15.6 (15.2–15.9) | 13.9 (13.6–14.3) | −10.5 | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Respondents education | ||||||
| No education (Ref) | 18.4 (18.0–18.9) | 17.8 (17.3–18.4) | −3.2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Primary | 16.1 (15.4–16.9) | 15.0 (14.2–15.7) | −7.3 | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 0.36 |
| Secondary+ | 9.7 (9.3–10.1) | 10.0 (9.6–10.3) | 2.6 | 0.5 (0.5–0.6) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Partner Education | ||||||
| No education (Ref) | 19.5 (18.9–20.1) | 19.1 (18.4–19.9) | −1.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| Primary | 18.2 (17.4–18.9) | 15.6 (14.8–16.3) | −14.4 | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.17 |
| Secondary+ | 11.6 (11.3–12.0) | 11 (10.7–11.3) | −5.6 | 0.6 (0.5–0.6) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Wealth Status | ||||||
| Poorest (Ref) | 19.6 (18.9–20.3) | 18.5 (17.7–19.2) | −5.8 | 1 | 1 | |
| Poorer | 18.9 (18.2–19.6) | 16.0 (15.3–16.6) | −15.5 | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.09 |
| Middle | 16.2 (15.6–16.9) | 14.1 (13.5–14.7) | −13 | 0.7 (0.6–0.7) | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Richer | 12.0 (11.5–12.6) | 11.2 (10.7–11.8) | −6.6 | 0.5 (0.5–0.6) | 0.7 (0.6–0.7) | 0.00 |
| Richest | 7.9 (7.4–8.3) | 7.6 (7.2–8.1) | −3.4 | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) | 0.6 (0.5–0.6) | 0.00 |
| Religion | ||||||
| Hindu | 14.8 (14.5–15.2) | 13.4 (13.1–13.7) | −9.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| Non-Hindu | 14.6 (14.0–15.3) | 12.8 (12.2–13.4) | −12.8 | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 0.00 |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 12.0 (11.5–12.4) | 11.2 (10.8–11.6) | −6.8 | 1 | 1 | |
| Rural | 16.0 (15.7–16.4) | 14.2 (13.9–14.5) | −11.4 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Region | ||||||
| North(Ref) | 14.4 (13.7–15.2) | 8.9 (8.3–9.5) | −38.5 | 1 | 1 | |
| Central | 16.6 (16.0–17.2) | 12.9 (12.3–13.4) | −22.4 | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | 0.9 (0.8–1.3) | 0.05 |
| East | 16.0 (15.4–16.6) | 14.8 (14.2–15.4) | −7.2 | 1.8 (1.7–1.9) | 1 (0.9–1.0) | 0.29 |
| North-east | 14.0 (12.6–15.5) | 10.7 (9.4–12.0) | −23.5 | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.17 |
| West | 16.4 (15.7–17.2) | 9.6 (95.2–96.0) | −41.7 | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 0.00 |
| South | 10.7 (10.2–11.2) | 16.9 (16.3–17.5) | 57.6 | 2.0 (1.9–2.2) | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) | 0.00 |
| Parity | ||||||
| 0(Ref) | 10.5 (9.8–11.3) | 9.3 (92.5–93.7) | −11.5 | 1 | 1 | |
| 1–2 | 12.5 (12.1–12.9) | 11.8 (11.4–12.1) | −5.8 | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 0.00 |
| 3+ | 17.5 (17.1–17.9) | 15.9 (15.4–16.4) | −9 | 1.8 (1.7–2.0) | 1.4 (1.3–1.6) | 0.00 |
| Economic empowerment status | ||||||
| Not empower | – | 11.5 (11.1–11.9) | 11.5 | 1 | 1 | |
| Empower | – | 14.5 (14.1–14.9) | 14.5 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.68 |
| Witnessing parental Violence | ||||||
| No(Ref) | 12 (11.7–12.3) | 10.1 (9.8–10.4) | −15.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 27.2 (26.4–27.9) | 24.8 (24.1–25.5) | −8.7 | 3.1 (2.9–3.3) | 2.2 (2.1–2.3) | 0.00 |
| Duration of cohabitation in years | ||||||
| 0–4(Ref) | 10.1 (9.6–10.6) | 9 (8.5–9.5) | −10.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| 5–9 | 14.5 (13.9–15.1) | 12.8 (12.2–13.4) | −11.8 | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 0.00 |
| 10–14 | 15.9 (15.2–16.5) | 14 (13.4–14.7) | −11.5 | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 0.00 |
| 15–19 | 16.5 (15.8–17.2) | 14.4 (13.7–15.1) | −12.8 | 1.6 (1.5–1.8) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 0.00 |
| 20+ | 16.4 (15.9–17.0) | 14.9 (14.3–15.4) | −9.6 | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 0.00 |
| Number of co wives | ||||||
| None(Ref) | 14.6 (14.3–14.9) | 12.9 (12.6–13.2) | −11.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| One and more | 26.4 (23.7–29.0) | 29.3 (26.5–32.2) | 11.3 | 2.3 (2.0–2.7) | 1.9 (1.6–2.2) | 0.00 |
| Age at first marriage | ||||||
| Below 18(Ref) | 17.2 (16.8–17.6) | 15.3 (14.9–15.7) | −10.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| More than 18 years | 11.3 (10.9–11.7) | 11.5 (11.2–11.9) | 2 | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.72 |
| Partners controlling behaviours | ||||||
| No(Ref) | 7.5 (7.3–7.8) | 5.3 (5.1–5.5) | −29.5 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 25.7 (25.2–26.3) | 22.3 (21.8–22.8) | −13.3 | 5.1 (4.8–5.4) | 4.5 (4.2–4.7) | 0.00 |
| Partner drink alcohol | ||||||
| No(Ref) | 11.3 (11.0–11.6) | 9.0 (8.7–9.3) | −20.2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 22.3 (21.7–22.9) | 23.9 (23.2–24.5) | 7 | 3.0 (2.8–3.1) | 2.2 (2.1–2.3) | 0.00 |