Table 5.
Percentage changes and correlates of any form of IPV from 2005-06 to 2015-16 as per the National Family Health Survey (Rounds 3 and 4), India
| NFHS 3 | NFHS 4 | % Relative change | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) and p-value |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 38.9 (38.55–39.31) | 32.8 (32.4–33.2) | −15.7 | |||
| Age | ||||||
| 15–19 (Ref) | 33.0 (31.7–34.4) | 23.1 (21.4–24.9) | −30.0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 20–24 | 37.0 (36.1–37.8) | 28.4 (27.5–29.3) | −23.2 | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 0.07 |
| 25–34 | 39.4 (38.5–40.2) | 32.3 (31.5–33.1) | −18.0 | 1.4 (1.3–1.6) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.82 |
| 35+ | 40.2 (39.7–40.7) | 34.6 (34.1–35.0) | −13.9 | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.44 |
| Respondents education | ||||||
| No education (Ref) | 48.8 (48.3–49.4) | 43.5 (42.8–44.2) | −10.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| Primary | 41.6 (40.6–42.5) | 39.0 (37.9–40.0) | −6.3 | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 1 (0.9–1.0) | 0.38 |
| Secondary+ | 25.5 (24.9–26.0) | 24.8 (24.4–25.3) | −2.7 | 0.5 (0.4–0.5) | 0.8 (0.7–0.8) | 0.00 |
| Partner Education | ||||||
| No education (Ref) | 49.7 (48.9–50.4) | 45.1 (44.2–46.0) | −9.3 | 1 | 1 | |
| Primary | 46.6 (45.7–47.6) | 40 (39.0–41.0) | −14.2 | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 0.67 |
| Secondary+ | 31.7 (31.2–32.2) | 27.7 (27.3–28.1) | −12.6 | 0.5 (0.5–0.5) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Wealth Status | ||||||
| Poorest (Ref) | 51.8 (50.9–52.6) | 45.5 (44.6–46.5) | −12.2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Poorer | 48.5 (47.6–49.3) | 40.3 (39.4–41.2) | −16.9 | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.05 |
| Middle | 41.9 (41.0–42.7) | 34.6 (33.8–35.5) | −17.4 | 0.6 (0.5–0.6) | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Richer | 34.2 (33.4–35.0) | 28.5 (27.7–29.3) | −16.7 | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) | 0.00 |
| Richest | 20.2 (19.5–20.9) | 18.8 (18.1–19.4) | −6.9 | 0.3 (0.3–0.3) | 0.5 (0.5–0.6) | 0.00 |
| Religion | ||||||
| Hindu | 38.8 (38.4–39.2) | 33.7 (33.2–34.1) | −13.1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Others | 39.5 (38.6–40.3) | 30.9 (30.1–31.7) | −21.8 | 0.8 (0.7–0.8) | 1 (0.9–1.0) | 0.25 |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 31.4 (30.7–32.0) | 24.4 (23.8–25.0) | −22.3 | 1 | 1 | |
| Rural | 42.3 (41.8–42.7) | 33.5 (33.1–34.0) | −20.8 | 1.4 (1.3–1.4) | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Region | ||||||
| North(Ref) | 34.6 (33.5–35.6) | 23.9 (23.0–24.9) | −30.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| Central | 44.3 (43.5–45.1) | 36.4 (35.6–37.2) | −17.8 | 2.0 (1.9–2.1) | 1.3 (1.3–1.5) | 0.00 |
| East | 47.9 (47.1–48.7) | 38.6 (37.8–39.4) | −19.4 | 2.4 (2.2–2.5) | 1.3 (1.4–1.6) | 0.00 |
| North-east | 38.3 (36.3–40.4) | 27.1 (25.2–29.0) | −29.2 | 1.4 (1.4–1.5) | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 0.00 |
| West | 32.2 (31.2–33.1) | 22 (21.2–22.8) | −31.7 | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.06 |
| South | 30.5 (29.7–31.2) | 32.8 (35.7–37.2) | 7.5 | 1.9 (1.8–2.0) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 0.00 |
| Parity | ||||||
| 0(Ref) | 27.6 (26.6–28.7) | 20.3 (19.3–21.3) | −26.4 | 1 | 1 | |
| 1–2 | 32.6 (32.0–33.1) | 29.2 (28.7–29.7) | −10.4 | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 0.00 |
| 3+ | 46.3 (45.8–46.9) | 40.4 (39.8–41.0) | −12.7 | 2.3 (2.1–2.4) | 1.6 (1.5–1.8) | 0.00 |
| Economic empowerment status | ||||||
| Not empower | – | 29.1 (28.7–29.5) | – | 1 | 1 | |
| Empower | – | 35.7 (34.8–36.5) | – | 1.4 (1.3–1.4) | 1.1 (1.1–1.1) | 0.00 |
| Witnessing parental Violence | ||||||
| No(Ref) | 33.9 (33.5–34.3) | 26.2 (25.8–26.7) | −22.7 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 61.1 (60.2–62.0) | 57.5 (56.9–58.0) | −5.9 | 4.1 (4.0–4.3) | 3.4 (3.2–3.5) | 0.00 |
| Duration of cohabitation in years | ||||||
| 0–4(Ref) | 27.0 (26.2–27.8) | 21.2 (20.5–21.9) | −21.5 | 1 | 1 | |
| 5–9 | 39.1 (38.3–39.9) | 32.8 (32.0–33.7) | −16.1 | 1.6 (1.5–1.7) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 0.00 |
| 10–14 | 42.8 (41.9–43.7) | 35.3 (34.4–36.2) | −17.5 | 1.8 (1.7–1.9) | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | 0.00 |
| 15–19 | 42.2 (41.2–43.1) | 36.3 (35.4–37.3) | −14.0 | 1.9 (1.8–2.0) | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | 0.00 |
| 20+ | 42.4 (41.6–43.1) | 36.6 (36.0–37.3) | −13.7 | 1.9 (1.8–2.0) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 0.00 |
| Number of co wives | ||||||
| None(Ref) | 38.7 (38.3–39.1) | 32.4 (32.0–32.7) | −16.3 | 1 | 1 | |
| One and more | 52.1 (49.1–55.0) | 55.5 (52.4–58.6) | 6.5 | 1.9 (1.7–2.2) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 0.00 |
| Age at first marriage | ||||||
| Below 18(Ref) | 45 (44.5–45.5) | 38.4 (37.8–39.0) | −14.7 | 1 | 1 | |
| More than 18 years | 30.1 (29.5–30.6) | 28.5 (28.0–28.9) | −5.3 | 0.6 (0.6–0.7) | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) | 0.00 |
| Partners controlling behaviours | ||||||
| No(Ref) | 27.8 (27.4–28.2) | 19.9 (19.5–20.4) | −28.4 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 55.7 (54.5–57.0) | 47.7 (47.1–48.3) | −14.4 | 3.7 (3.5–3.8) | 3.2 (3.0–3.3) | 0.00 |
| Partner drink alcohol | ||||||
| No(Ref) | 32.0 (31.5–32.4) | 32.4 (32.0–32.8) | 1.3 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 53.8 (53.1–54.5) | 59.8 (59.0–60.5) | 11.2 | 3.3 (3.2–3.4) | 2.5 (2.4–2.6) | 0.00 |