Table 3.
Natural anti-tumor angiogenesis polysaccharides and their sources, experimental models and anti-angiogenic mechanisms.
| Category | Name | Source | Experimental model | Anti-angiogenic mechanism | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-type polysaccharide | Dandelion Polysaccharide | the root of dandelion | HUVECs, CAM, Mice xenografted with Hepa1-6 and H22 cancer cells | Inhibits PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway | (66) |
| Sulfated polysaccharide | PRP-S16 | Phellinus ribis | LLC (Lewis lung carcinoma) allografts tumor-bearing mice | Inhibits HIF-1α/VEGF/VEGFR-2/AKT pathway | (67) |
| A fucose-rich polysaccharide | Fucoidan | Laminaria japonica, Fucus vesiculosus | TNBC, HUVECs, CAM, Mice xenografted with DU-145 human prostate cancer | Suppresses MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway | (68–70) |
| Inhibits VEGF and PDGF expression, Inhibits JAK/STAT3/VEGF pathway | |||||
| Homogeneous polysaccharide | HH1-1 | safflower | CAM, BxPC-3 xenograft model and PDX model | Impedes the combination of EGFR and Galectin-3 | (71) |
| Inhibits Galectin-3/GFR/KT/OXO3 signaling pathway | |||||
| Exopolysaccharide | LEP-2a | Lachnum sp. | H22 (hepatocellular carcinoma) allografts tumor-bearing mice | Suppresses VEGF, CD105, bFGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression | (72) |
| Water-soluble polysaccharide | PTP | the roots of Polygala tenuifolia | SKOV3 xenograft, Tumor growth in BALB/c mice | Decreases EGFR, VEGF, and CD34 expression | (73) |
| Galactomannan | PSP001 | the fruit rind of Punica granatum L. | CAM, A375 and A549 cells, B16F10 | suppresses the expression of VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 | (74) |
| Upregulates the expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 | |||||
| Water-soluble polysaccharide | STPC2 | Sargassum thunbergii | HUVECs, A549 cells | Downregulates MMP-2, VEGF and HIF-1α expression | (75) |
| Apigalacturonan-Rich Polysaccharide | ZCMP | The sea grass Zostera caespitosa Miki | HUVECs | – | (76) |
| Pectic polysaccharide | Corn pectic polysaccharide (COPP) | corn (Zea mays L.) | Mice were given B16F10 and injected through the lateral tail vein | Suppresses the expression of VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 | (77) |
| Arabinogalactan | Arabinogalactan | flowers of Panax notoginseng | BxPC-3, Pancreatic cancer cell xenograft tumor in nude mice, HMEC-1 | Inhibits BMP2/Smad/Id1 signaling pathway | (78) |
| Huaier polysaccharide | TP-1 | Huaier fungus | To establish an in vivo pulmonary metastasis model, SMMC-7721 cells were injected into BALB/c nude mice via the tail vein | Inhibits HIF-1α/VEGF pathway | (79) |
| SP-1 | Trametes robiniophila murr (Huaier) | Mice xenografted with SMMC-7721 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells | Suppresses the expression of VEGF, MMP-2, HIF-1α, STAT3 and MMP-9 | (80) |