Table 6.
Natural anti-tumor angiogenesis saponins and their sources, experimental models and anti-angiogenic mechanisms.
| Category | Name | Source | Experimental model | Anti-angiogenic mechanism | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Steroidal saponin | Timosaponin AIII | Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge | Zebrafish embryos, HUVECs | Inhibits VEGF/PI3K/Akt/MAPK signaling cascade | (119) |
| DT-13 | Dwarf lilyturf tuber | HUVECs, CAM | Inhibits the levels of p-VEGFR-2, p-ERK1/2 and p-Akt, Inhibits the expression of VEGF | (120) | |
| Paris saponin II | Rhizoma paridis | HUVECs, SKOV3 cells | Suppresses NF-κB signaling | (121) | |
| Triterpene saponin | Ginsenoside Rg3 | Panax ginseng | B16 melanoma cells, C57BL/6 mice with B16 cells | Inhibits the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF | (122) |
| β-Escin | Aesculus hippocastanum seeds | B16F10 and SK-MEL5 cells | Increases the expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 | (123) | |
| Astragaloside IV | Astragali radix | C57BL/6 mice with LLC cells | Blocks the M2 polarization of macrophages partially through the AMPK signaling pathway | (124) | |
| Platycodin D (PD) | the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum | C57BL/6 mice with H22 cells | Inhibits the expression of VEGF | (125) | |
| Crude saponins | Sea cucumber saponins (SCS) | Holothuria leucospilota (sea cucumber) | MCF7 cells | Inhibits the expression of VEGF-D and TGF-β | (126) |
| Rh.Sp saponins | Rumex hastatus D. Don. | CAM | – | (127) |