Table 3.
Summary of immunomodulatory agents against severe COVID-19.
| Therapeutic agents | Summary | References |
|---|---|---|
| Poly ICLC, Interferon alpha | Interferon-inducing agents and innate anti-viral response | Saxena et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020a, Wang et al., 2020b, Wang et al., 2020c |
| Suramin | Inhibition of cGAS-STING-IFN production pathway | (Wang et al., 2018, Wang et al., 2020e) |
| Tocilizumab (TCZ) | IL6R antagonists, inhibition of IL-6 that is correlated with cytokine storm | (Emery et al., 2008; Norelli et al., 2018) |
| Fedratinib | Inhibition of the TH17 type response that contributes to the cytokine storm | Wu and Yang (2020) |
| Amantadine, hexamethylene amiloride 9, 10, SB2035805 | Inhibition of proinflammatory response arisen from E protein functions | Alam et al. (2020) |
| Lymphocyte Antigen 6 Family Member E (LY6E) | LY6E impairs coronavirus fusion and confers immune control of viral disease | (Pfaender et al., 2020) |
| Melatonin | The efficacy in the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome, reducing the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils into the lung | (Acuña-Castroviejo et al., 2020) |
| Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) | Inhibiting the cytokine storm by reducing CD154 expression in T cells | (Zhou et al., 2020b) |
| Anti-NKG2A mAb, Monalizumab | Targeting NKG2A may prevent the functional exhaustion of cytotoxic lymphocytes | (Yaqinuddin and Kashir, 2020) |
| Thalidomide | Regulating immunity, inhibiting the inflammatory cytokine surge | Chen et al. (2020) |
| Jakotinib, hydrochloride, Baricitinib | a JAK inhibitor as well as an AAK1 inhibitor | Zhang et al. (2020) |
| Chloroquine (QC), Tocilizumab, Baricitinib | To quench the cytokine storm | (Askanase et al., 2020) |
| Anakinra | Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | (Shetty et al., 2020) |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) | Blocking Fc gamma receptor mediated response | (Shetty et al., 2020) |
| Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) | Powerful immunomodulatory for innate and adaptive immune system | (Leng et al., 2020) |
| IL-10 | Polarizes immune system toward Th2 | Abdulamir and Hafidh (2020) |
| IL-37, IL-38 | Inhibit IL-1β and other proinflammatory IL-family members | Conti et al. (2020) |
| Etanercept, adalimumab | TNF-α inhibitor | (Russell et al., 2020) |