Table 1. Participants’ characteristics with comparisons of IAT and PSQI (N = 2749).

	n (%)		IAT			PSQI
		Mean (SD)	95% CI	Cohen’s d	Mean (SD)	95% CI	Cohen’s d
Age
Adolescent (15–20)	1065 (38.7)	40.46 (17.78)	-0.18, -0.04	0.07	6.47 (3.14)	-0.18, -0.67	0.13
Adult (21–44)	1684 (61.3)	39.15 (17.86)			6.89 (3.18)
Gender
Male	991 (36.0)	40.98 (17.48)	3.47, 0.69	0.11	6.61 (3.15)	0.06, 0.69	0.05
Female	1758 (64.0)	38.90 (17.99)			6.79 (3.17)
Residence
Rural	438 (15.9)	38.10 (18.79)	-0.01, -3.65	0.10	6.21 (3.45)	-0.26, -0.96	0.18
Urban	2311 (84.1)	39.94 (17.64)			6.82 (3.10)
Family system
Joint family	812 (29.6)	41.19 (18.62)	3.65, 0.73	0.12	6.99 (3.36)	0.64, 0.11	0.11
Nuclear family	1936 (70.4)	39.00 (17.46)			6.62 (3.07)
University sector
Public	1678 (61.0)	38.19 (17.85)	-2.38, -5.11	0.21	6.52 (3.13)	-0.29, -0.77	0.17
Private	1071 (39.0)	41.94 (17.58)			7.06 (3.19)
Year of MBBS
Junior	2035 (74.0)	40.66 (17.83)	5.40, 2.37	0.21	6.65 (3.19)	-0.01, -0.55	0.09
Senior	714 (26.0)	36.77 (17.56)			6.94 (3.07)
Smoking history
Yes	272 (9.9)	42.62 (16.86)	5.52, 1.06	0.18	7.61 (3.37)	1.37, 0.58	0.30
No	2477 (90.1)	39.32 (17.91)			6.63 (3.13)
Health status
Poor	1048 (38.1)	44.24 (17.08)	8.76, 6.07	0.42	7.63 (3.17)	1.69, 1.21	0.47
Good	1701 (61.9)	36.82 (17.71)			6.17 (3.03)
COVID-19 symptoms
Yes	125 (4.5)	42.94 (17.34)	6.64, 0.24	0.19	8.08 (3.33)	1.97, 0.84	0.43
No	2621 (95.5)	39.49 (17.85)			6.66 (3.14)
COVID-19 diagnosis
Yes	189 (6.9)	41.77 (15.74)	6.33, -1.98	0.12	7.94 (3.63)	2.06, 0.42	0.36
No	2690 (93.1)	39.60 (17.88)			6.70 (3.15)
Live with COVID-19 infected individual
Yes	189 (6.9)	43.59 (16.14)	6.64, 1.81	0.24	8.04 (3.16)	1.87, 0.94	0.44
No	2560 (93.1)	39.36 (17.92)			6.63 (3.14)
Follow COVID-19 instructions
Yes	2398 (87.2)	39.46 (17.69)	0.53, -3.45	0.08	6.70 (3.12)	0.16, -0.60	0.06
No	351 (12.8)	40.92 (18.78)			6.92 (3.48)

Note: IAT = Internet Addiction Test; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.