Table 2.

Overview of symptoms and signs of HF according to the universal definition of HF [8]

Symptoms		Signs
Typical	Less typical	More specific	Less specific
• Breathlessness • Orthopnea • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea • Reduced exercise tolerance • Fatigue • Tiredness • Ankle swelling • Inability to exercise • Swelling of parts of the body other than ankles • Bendopnea	• Nocturnal cough • Wheezing • Bloated feeling • Postprandial satiety • Loss of appetite • Decline in cognitive function • Confusion (especially in the elderly) • Depression • Dizziness • Syncope	• Elevated jugular venous pressure • Third heart sound (gallop rhythm) • Summation gallop with third and fourth heart sounds • Cardiomegaly • Laterally displaced apical impulse • Hepatojugular reflux • Cheyne Stokes respiration in advanced HF	• Unintentional weight gain (>2 kg/week) • Weight loss (in advanced HF) with muscle wasting and cachexia • Tissue wasting (cachexia) • Cardiac murmur • Peripheral oedema (ankle, sacral, scrotal) • Pulmonary rales • Reduced air entry and dullness to percussion at lung bases suggestive of pleural effusion • Tachycardia • Irregular pulse • Tachypnoea • Hepatomegaly • Ascites • Cold extremities • Oliguria • Narrow pulse pressure