Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to self-reported unrestrained eating
| NHS | Eating anything at any time | No concern with figure change | Eating anything at any time + no concern with figure change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| No | Yes | No | Yes | No c | Yes | |
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 16440 | 5513 | 13395 | 8725 | 10394 | 2919 |
| Age-adjusted a | 1 [Reference] | 1.26 (1.23–1.30) | 1 | 1.29 (1.26–1.33) | 1 | 1.46 (1.40–1.52) |
| Multivariable (without BMI) b | 1 | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 1 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 1 | 1.11 (1.06–1.16) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH) b | 1 | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 1 | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | 1 | 1.12 (1.07–1.17) |
| Multivariable b | 1 | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 1 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 1 | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) |
| Cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 4336 | 1581 | 3601 | 2353 | 2792 | 873 |
| Age-adjusted a | 1 | 1.33 (1.25–1.41) | 1 | 1.25 (1.18–1.31) | 1 | 1.53 (1.42–1.65) |
| Multivariable (without BMI) b | 1 | 1.08 (1.01–1.14) | 1 | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 1 | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH) b | 1 | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 1 | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | 1 | 1.21 (1.11–1.31) |
| Multivariable b | 1 | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1 | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) | 1 | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) |
| Cardiovascular disease mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 3493 | 1034 | 2756 | 1798 | 2158 | 518 |
| Age-adjusted a | 1 | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) | 1 | 1.30 (1.23–1.38) | 1 | 1.26 (1.14–1.39) |
| Multivariable (without BMI) b | 1 | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 1 | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 1 | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH) b | 1 | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 1 | 1.03 (0.96–1.09) | 1 | 0.90 (0.82–1.00) |
| Multivariable b | 1 | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | 1 | 1.02 (0.95–1.08) | 1 | 0.89 (0.80–0.98) |
| Respiratory disease mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 1322 | 632 | 1093 | 823 | 832 | 342 |
| Age-adjusted a | 1 | 1.79 (1.62–1.97) | 1 | 1.48 (1.35–1.62) | 1 | 2.13 (1.87–2.42) |
| Multivariable (without BMI) b | 1 | 1.24 (1.12–1.37) | 1 | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) | 1 | 1.33 (1.16–1.52) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH) b | 1 | 1.23 (1.11–1.36) | 1 | 1.22 (1.11–1.35) | 1 | 1.40 (1.22–1.61) |
| Multivariable b | 1 | 1.17 (1.06–1.29) | 1 | 1.18 (1.07–1.30) | 1 | 1.31 (1.14–1.51) |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; EDIH, the empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia.
Models were controlled for age and follow-up cycle.
Models were controlled for age, follow-up cycle, race, cumulative average BMI (with 4-year lag time), BMI at age 18, smoking status, time since quit smoking, pack-years of smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, total calories intake, EDIH, regular use of aspirin, multivitamin use, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia (with 4-year lag time), history of diabetes (with 4-year lag time), family history of cancer, and family history of cardiovascular disease.
Defined as those exhibiting dietary restraint, i.e. those who reported both “not having the behavior of eating anything at any time” and “paying a great deal of attention to changes in their figure”.