Table 3.
Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cancer-specific mortality according to self-reported unrestrained eating
| NHS | Eating anything at any time | No concern with figure change | Eating anything at any time + no concern with figure change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| No | Yes | No | Yes | No c | Yes | |
| Gastrointestinal tract cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 507 | 216 | 439 | 280 | 339 | 116 |
| Age-adjusted a | 1 [Reference] | 1.54 (1.32–1.81) | 1 | 1.21 (1.04–1.41) | 1 | 1.64 (1.33–2.03) |
| Multivariable (without BMI) b | 1 | 1.31 (1.11–1.54) | 1 | 1.05 (0.90–1.23) | 1 | 1.35 (1.08–1.69) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH) b | 1 | 1.34 (1.14–1.58) | 1 | 1.08 (0.93–1.27) | 1 | 1.39 (1.11–1.74) |
| Multivariable b | 1 | 1.31 (1.11–1.55) | 1 | 1.06 (0.91–1.25) | 1 | 1.36 (1.08–1.71) |
| Colorectal cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 356 | 138 | 301 | 194 | 240 | 79 |
| Age-adjusted a | 1 | 1.41 (1.16–1.72) | 1 | 1.23 (1.02–1.47) | 1 | 1.59 (1.23–2.06) |
| Multivariable (without BMI) b | 1 | 1.22 (1.00–1.50) | 1 | 1.10 (0.91–1.33) | 1 | 1.40 (1.07–1.84) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH) b | 1 | 1.25 (1.02–1.53) | 1 | 1.14 (0.94–1.38) | 1 | 1.39 (1.06–1.82) |
| Multivariable b | 1 | 1.23 (1.00–1.51) | 1 | 1.13 (0.93–1.36) | 1 | 1.41 (1.07–1.86) |
| Digestive organ cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 528 | 151 | 402 | 271 | 327 | 82 |
| Age-adjusted a | 1 | 1.04 (0.87–1.25) | 1 | 1.28 (1.10–1.50) | 1 | 1.23 (0.96–1.57) |
| Multivariable (without BMI) b | 1 | 0.92 (0.76–1.11) | 1 | 1.12 (0.95–1.31) | 1 | 0.99 (0.77–1.29) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH) b | 1 | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 1 | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | 1 | 0.97 (0.75–1.26) |
| Multivariable b | 1 | 0.92 (0.76–1.11) | 1 | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) | 1 | 0.96 (0.74–1.24) |
| Pancreatic cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 371 | 107 | 287 | 188 | 231 | 55 |
| Age-adjusted a | 1 | 1.06 (0.86–1.32) | 1 | 1.26 (1.05–1.52) | 1 | 1.18 (0.88–1.59) |
| Multivariable (without BMI) b | 1 | 0.92 (0.74–1.16) | 1 | 1.10 (0.91–1.34) | 1 | 0.96 (0.70–1.31) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH) b | 1 | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) | 1 | 1.08 (0.89–1.32) | 1 | 0.95 (0.69–1.29) |
| Multivariable b | 1 | 0.92 (0.74–1.15) | 1 | 1.08 (0.88–1.31) | 1 | 0.93 (0.68–1.28) |
| Lung cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 1006 | 466 | 844 | 613 | 643 | 259 |
| Age-adjusted a | 1 | 1.70 (1.52–1.89) | 1 | 1.38 (1.25–1.54) | 1 | 1.99 (1.72–2.30) |
| Multivariable (without BMI) b | 1 | 1.13 (1.00–1.27) | 1 | 1.13 (1.02–1.26) | 1 | 1.28 (1.09–1.49) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH) b | 1 | 1.13 (1.01–1.28) | 1 | 1.21 (1.09–1.35) | 1 | 1.35 (1.15–1.58) |
| Multivariable b | 1 | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | 1 | 1.20 (1.08–1.34) | 1 | 1.33 (1.14–1.56) |
| Breast cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 525 | 173 | 424 | 286 | 324 | 91 |
| Age-adjusted a | 1 | 1.18 (0.99–1.40) | 1 | 1.28 (1.10–1.48) | 1 | 1.33 (1.06–1.69) |
| Multivariable (without BMI) b | 1 | 1.02 (0.85–1.21) | 1 | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 1 | 1.10 (0.86–1.40) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH) b | 1 | 1.02 (0.86–1.22) | 1 | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | 1 | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) |
| Multivariable b | 1 | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 1 | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 1 | 1.10 (0.86–1.42) |
| Ovarian cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 305 | 114 | 272 | 156 | 206 | 60 |
| Age-adjusted a | 1 | 1.33 (1.07–1.65) | 1 | 1.09 (0.90–1.33) | 1 | 1.40 (1.05–1.87) |
| Multivariable (without BMI) b | 1 | 1.16 (0.93–1.45) | 1 | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) | 1 | 1.26 (0.93–1.72) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH) b | 1 | 1.19 (0.95–1.49) | 1 | 1.01 (0.82–1.24) | 1 | 1.29 (0.94–1.75) |
| Multivariable b | 1 | 1.13 (0.90–1.42) | 1 | 0.99 (0.80–1.21) | 1 | 1.25 (0.91–1.70) |
| Hematopoietic cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 555 | 173 | 460 | 276 | 366 | 100 |
| Age-adjusted a | 1 | 1.13 (0.95–1.34) | 1 | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | 1 | 1.34 (1.07–1.68) |
| Multivariable (without BMI) b | 1 | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | 1 | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) | 1 | 1.16 (0.91–1.46) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH) b | 1 | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | 1 | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 1 | 1.16 (0.92–1.48) |
| Multivariable b | 1 | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | 1 | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 1 | 1.17 (0.92–1.48) |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; EDIH, the empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia.
a
Models were controlled for age and follow-up cycle.
b
Models were controlled for the same sets of covariates as denoted in Table 2.
c
Defined as those exhibiting dietary restraint, i.e. those who reported both “not having the behavior of eating anything at any time” and “paying a great deal of attention to changes in their figure”.