Table 5.
Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to self-reported unrestrained eating (sensitivity analyses: further adjusted for propensity score)
| NHS | Eating anything at any time | No concern with figure change | Eating anything at any time + no concern with figure change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| No | Yes | No | Yes | No c | Yes | |
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 16440 | 5513 | 13395 | 8725 | 10394 | 2919 |
| Multivariable 1 a | 1 [Reference] | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 1 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 1 | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) |
| Multivariable 2 b | 1 | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 1 | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) |
| Cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 4336 | 1581 | 3601 | 2353 | 2792 | 873 |
| Multivariable 1 a | 1 | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1 | 1.08 (1.03–1.15) | 1 | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) |
| Multivariable 2 b | 1 | 1.07 (1.00–1.13) | 1 | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 1 | 1.18 (1.09–1.28) |
| Cardiovascular disease mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 3493 | 1034 | 2756 | 1798 | 2158 | 518 |
| Multivariable 1 a | 1 | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | 1 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1 | 0.89 (0.80–0.98) |
| Multivariable 2 b | 1 | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | 1 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1 | 0.88 (0.80–0.98) |
| Respiratory disease mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 1322 | 632 | 1093 | 823 | 832 | 342 |
| Multivariable 1 a | 1 | 1.17 (1.06–1.30) | 1 | 1.19 (1.08–1.31) | 1 | 1.32 (1.15–1.52) |
| Multivariable 2 b | 1 | 1.16 (1.05–1.29) | 1 | 1.18 (1.08–1.30) | 1 | 1.30 (1.13–1.50) |
| Gastrointestinal tract cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 507 | 216 | 439 | 280 | 339 | 116 |
| Multivariable 1 a | 1 | 1.31 (1.11–1.55) | 1 | 1.06 (0.91–1.25) | 1 | 1.36 (1.08–1.70) |
| Multivariable 2 b | 1 | 1.30 (1.10–1.54) | 1 | 1.06 (0.91–1.24) | 1 | 1.36 (1.08–1.71) |
| Colorectal cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 356 | 138 | 301 | 194 | 240 | 79 |
| Multivariable 1 a | 1 | 1.23 (1.00–1.51) | 1 | 1.12 (0.93–1.36) | 1 | 1.40 (1.07–1.85) |
| Multivariable 2 b | 1 | 1.23 (1.00–1.51) | 1 | 1.12 (0.93–1.36) | 1 | 1.41 (1.07–1.86) |
| Lung cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases | 1006 | 466 | 844 | 613 | 643 | 259 |
| Multivariable 1 a | 1 | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | 1 | 1.20 (1.08–1.34) | 1 | 1.34 (1.14–1.57) |
| Multivariable 2 b | 1 | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 1 | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a
Models were controlled for the same sets of covariates as denoted in Table 2.
b
Models were controlled for the same sets of covariates as denoted in Table 2, and were further adjusted for propensity score.
c
Defined as those exhibiting dietary restraint, i.e. those who reported both “not having the behavior of eating anything at any time” and “paying a great deal of attention to changes in their figure”.