Table 2.
Studies that were evaluated in full text and were excluded.
| N | Author | Year | Title | Exclusion reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sultana | 2018 | Dipstick Method versus Spot Urinary Protein Creatinine Ratio for Evaluation of Massive Proteinuria in Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome | No outcome of interest |
| 2 | Yanagisawa | 2018 | Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Poor Diagnostic Accuracy of Dipstick Proteinuria in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals: A Multicenter Study in Japan | No outcome of interest |
| 3 | Ratnayake | 2017 | Screening for chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka: usability of surrogate biomarkers over dipstick proteinuria | No outcome of interest |
| 4 | Koeda | 2016 | Comparison between urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and urine protein dipstick testing for prevalence and ability to predict the risk for chronic kidney disease in the general population (Iwate-KENCO study): A prospective community-based cohort study | No outcome of interest |
| 5 | Chang | 2016 | The efficacy of semiquantitative urine protein-to-creatinine (P/C) ratio for the detection of significant proteinuria in urine specimens in health screening settings | No outcome of interest |
| 6 | Lopez De Leon | 2015 | Strong correlation between protein reagent strip and protein-to-creatinine ratio for detection of renal dysfunction in HIV-infected patients: a cross-sectional study | No outcome of interest |
| 7 | Lim | 2014 | Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipstick for proteinuria in older outpatients | No outcome of interest |
| 8 | Masimango | 2014 | Prevalence of microalbuminuria and diagnostic value of dipstick proteinuria in outpatients from HIV clinics in Bukavu, the Democratic Republic of Congo | No outcome of interest |
| 9 | Wahbeh | 2014 | Spot urine protein-to-creatinine ratio compared with 24-hour urinary protein in patients with kidney transplant | No outcome of interest |
| 10 | Kumar | 2013 | Comparison of urinary protein: Creatinine index and dipsticks for detection of microproteinuria in diabetes mellitus patients | No outcome of interest |
| 11 | Bello | 2012 | Multiple versus single and other estimates of baseline proteinuria status as predictors of adverse outcomes in the general population | No outcome of interest |
| 12 | Viana | 2012 | Prediction of cardiovascular events, diabetic nephropathy, and mortality by albumin concentration in a spot urine sample in patients with type 2 diabetes | No outcome of interest |
| 13 | Chotayaporn | 2011 | Comparison of proteinuria determination by urine dipstick, spot urine protein creatinine index, and urine protein 24 h in lupus patients | No outcome of interest |
| 14 | White | 2011 | Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipsticks for detection of albuminuria in the general community | No outcome of interest |
| 15 | Panek | 2011 | Screening for proteinuria in kidney transplant recipients | No outcome of interest |
| 16 | Lin | 2011 | The characteristics of new semiquantitative method for diagnosing proteinuria by using random urine samples | No outcome of interest |
| 17 | Collier | 2009 | A study of the relationship between albuminuria, proteinuria, and urinary reagent strips | No outcome of interest |
| 18 | Guy | 2009 | Diagnostic accuracy of the urinary albumin: creatinine ratio determined by the CLINITEK Microalbumin and DCA 2000 + for the rule-out of albuminuria in chronic kidney disease | No outcome of interest |
| 19 | Haysom | 2009 | Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipsticks for detecting albuminuria in indigenous and non-indigenous children in a community setting | No outcome of interest |
| 20 | Krol | 2009 | Early detection of chronic kidney disease: results of the PolNef study | No outcome of interest |
| 21 | Afolabi | 2009 | Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in a Nigerian family practice population | No outcome of interest |
| 22 | Biswas | 2009 | Quantitation of proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome by spot urine protein creatinine ratio estimation in children | No outcome of interest |
| 23 | Guy | 2009 | Use of a first-line urine protein-to-creatinine ratio strip test on random urines to rule out proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney disease | No outcome of interest |
| 24 | Siedner | 2008 | Diagnostic accuracy study of urine dipstick in relation to 24-hour measurement as a screening tool for proteinuria in lupus nephritis | No outcome of interest |
| 25 | Abo-Zenah | 2008 | Prevalence of increased albumin excretion rate in young Saudi adults | No outcome of interest |
| 26 | Garcia | 2006 | [Urinary dipsticks must not be used to detect diabetes-induced incipient nephropathy] | No outcome of interest |
| 27 | Lane | 2006 | Can spot urine protein/creatinine ratio replace 24 h urine protein in usual clinical nephrology? | No outcome of interest |
| 28 | Gai | 2006 | Comparison between 24-h proteinuria, urinary protein/creatinine ratio and dipstick test in patients with nephropathy: Patterns of proteinuria in dipstick-negative patients | No outcome of interest |
| 29 | Cortes-Sanabria | 2006 | Utility of the Dipstick Micral test II in the screening of microalbuminuria of diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension | No outcome of interest |
| 30 | Zeller | 2005 | Diagnostic significance of transferrinuria and albumin-specific dipstick testing in primary care patients with elevated office blood pressure | No outcome of interest |
| 31 | Naka | 2005 | Usefulness of protein/creatinine ratio in spot urine using test strips | No outcome of interest |
| 32 | Zeller | 2005 | Value of a standard urinary dipstick test for detecting microalbuminuria in patients with newly diagnosed hypertension | No outcome of interest |
| 33 | Hoy | 2004 | Albuminuria: marker or target in indigenous populations | No outcome of interest |
| 34 | Morishita | 2004 | Estimation of quantitative proteinuria using a new dipstick in random urine samples | No outcome of interest |
| 35 | Agarwal | 2004 | Quantitation of proteinuria by spot urine sampling | No outcome of interest |
| 36 | Parikh | 2004 | Rapid microalbuminuria screening in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Simplified approach with Micral test strips and specific gravity | No outcome of interest |
| 37 | Osta | 2003 | [Evaluation of two rapid tests for the determination of microalbuminuria and the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio] | No outcome of interest |
| 38 | Croal | 2003 | Evaluation of the Bayer Multistix PRO 10LS Point-of-Care Urine Test | No outcome of interest |
| 39 | Meinhardt | 2003 | Microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus–Efficacy of a new screening method in comparison with timed overnight urine collection | No outcome of interest |
| 40 | Baskar | 2003 | Uncertain clinical utility of contemporary strategies for microalbuminuria testing | No outcome of interest |
| 41 | Agarwal | 2002 | Dipstick proteinuria: Can it guide hypertension management? | No outcome of interest |
| 42 | Wallace | 2001 | Multisite evaluation of a new dipstick for albumin, protein, and creatinine | No outcome of interest |
| 43 | Shihabi | 2000 | Clinical evaluation of a new strip test for proteinuria on Clinitek® urinalysis systems | No outcome of interest |
| 44 | Lum | 2000 | How effective are screening tests for microalbuminuria in random urine specimens? | No outcome of interest |
| 45 | Davidson | 1999 | Relationship between dipstick positive proteinuria and albumin:creatinine ratios | No outcome of interest |
| 46 | Pugia | 1999 | Screening school children for albuminuria, proteinuria, and occult blood with dipsticks | No outcome of interest |
| 47 | Gerber | 1998 | Assessment of a new dipstick test in screening for microalbuminuria in patients with hypertension | No outcome of interest |
| 48 | Leong | 1998 | The use of semiquantitative urine test-strip (Micral-Test) for microalbuminuria screening in patients with diabetes mellitus | No outcome of interest |
| 49 | Minetti | 1997 | Accuracy of the urinary albumin titrator stick “Micral-Test” in kidney-disease patients | No outcome of interest |
| 50 | Pugia | 1997 | Comparison of urine dipsticks with quantitative methods for microalbuminuria | No outcome of interest |
| 51 | Gilbert | 1997 | Detection of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients by urinary dipstick | No outcome of interest |
| 52 | Adamson | 1993 | Screening strategies in the detection of microalbuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetic patients | No outcome of interest |
| 53 | Gilbert | 1992 | Semiquantitative determination of microalbuminuria by urinary dipstick | No outcome of interest |
| 54 | Kouri | 1991 | Microalbuminuria. Invalidity of simple concentration-based screening tests for early nephropathy due to urinary volumes of diabetic patients | No outcome of interest |
| 55 | Abitbol | 1990 | Quantitation of proteinuria with urinary protein/creatinine ratios and random testing with dipsticks in nephrotic children | No outcome of interest |
| 56 | Sawicki | 1989 | Comparison of Methods for Determination of Microalbuminuria in Diabetic Patients | No outcome of interest |
| 57 | Ralston | 1988 | Screening for proteinuria in a rheumatology clinic: comparison of dipstick testing, 24 h urine quantitative protein, and protein/creatinine ratio in random urine samples | No outcome of interest |
| 58 | Hemmingsen | 1981 | Diagnostic value of a test-strip in detecting increased urinary excretion of albumin, igg and Î22-microglobulin in patients with suspected proteinuria | No outcome of interest |
| 59 | James | 1978 | Proteinuria: accuracy and precision of laboratory diagnosis by dipstick analysis | No outcome of interest |
| 60 | Delanghe | 2017 | Sensitive albuminuria analysis using dye-binding based test strips | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 61 | Asberg | 2016 | Using probit regression to disclose the analytical performance of qualitative and semiquantitative tests | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 62 | Turin | 2014 | Kidney function, albuminuria, and life expectancy | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 63 | Sarafidis | 2008 | A comparative evaluation of various methods for microalbuminuria screening | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 64 | Sam | 2003 | The significance of trace proteinuria | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 65 | Penders | 2002 | Quantitative evaluation of urinalysis test strips | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 66 | Pugia | 2001 | Albuminuria and proteinuria in hospitalized patients as measured by quantitative and dipstick methods | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 67 | Soonthornpun | 2000 | The Utility of Conventional Dipsticks for Urinary Protein for Screening of Microalbuminuria in Diabetic Patients | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 68 | Pegoraro | 1997 | Simplified screening for microalbuminuria | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 69 | Jensen | 1996 | The Micral test for diabetic microalbuminuria: predictive values as a function of prevalence | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 70 | Webb | 1996 | The use of the Micral-Test strip to identify the presence of microalbuminuria in people with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) participating in the EUCLID study | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 71 | Bloomgarden | 1996 | Urine reagent stick protein determination: Utility in individuals with diabetes mellitus | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 72 | Gossain | 1996 | Utility of micral-test strips in screening for microalbuminuria | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 73 | de Grauw | 1995 | Screening for microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients: the evaluation of a dipstick test in general practice | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 74 | Agardh | 1993 | A new semiquantitative rapid test for screening for microalbuminuria | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 75 | Tiu | 1993 | Comparison of six commercial techniques in the measurement of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 76 | Jury | 1992 | Assessment of Micral-Test microalbuminuria test strip in the laboratory and in diabetic outpatients | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 77 | Marshall | 1992 | Micral-Test strips evaluated for screening for albuminuria | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 78 | Spooren | 1992 | Micral-Test: a qualitative dipstick test for micro-albuminuria | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 79 | Bangstad | 1991 | New semiquantitative dipstick test for microalbuminuria | No 24-hour urine albuminuria evaluation for the reference test |
| 80 | Oyebisi | 2018 | Prevalence and Pattern of Chronic Kidney Disease and its Associated Risk Factors in a Rural Community in South Western Nigeria | Full text not available |
| 81 | Ali | 2017 | Role of micral-test for the detection of microalbuminuria | Full text not available |
| 82 | Aziz | 2015 | Correlation of urine biomarkers: Microalbuminuria and spot urine protein among diabetic patients. Application of spot urine protein in diabetic kidney disease, nephropathy, proteinuria estimation, diagnosing, and monitoring | Full text not available |
| 83 | Shah | 2015 | Usefulness of spot urine protein creatinine ratio in the diagnosis of childhood nephrotic syndrome | Full text not available |
| 84 | Krairittichai | 2011 | Accuracy of urine dipstick test for microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients | Full text not available |
| 85 | Chan | 2005 | Can the urine dipstick test reduce the need for microscopy for assessment of systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity? | Full text not available |
| 86 | Tsujikawa | 2005 | Evaluation of novel test strip to measure albumin and creatinine in urine | Full text not available |
| 87 | Le Floch | 2001 | Interest of clinitek® microalbumin in screening for microalbuminuria: Results of a multicentre study in 302 diabetic patients | Full text not available |
| 88 | Ng | 2000 | Evaluation of a rapid screening test for microalbuminuria with a spot measurement of urine albumin-creatinine ratio | Full text not available |
| 89 | Ujjin | 2000 | Evaluation of microalb immunoturbidimetric test for albuminuria screening | Full text not available |
| 90 | Pugia | 1998 | Comparison of instrument-read dipsticks for albumin and creatinine in urine with visual results and quantitative methods | Full text not available |
| 91 | Fernandez | 1998 | Rapid screening test evaluation for microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus | Full text not available |
| 92 | Jazayeri | 1998 | Urine protein dipstick measurements: A screen for a standard, 24-hour urine collection | Full text not available |
| 93 | Jensen | 1993 | Screening of microalbuminuria with the Micral-Test. A semiquantitative urinary dipstick | Full text not available |
| 94 | Schaufelberger | 1992 | [Evaluation of a strip test (Micral-test) for the semiquantitative assessment of microalbuminuria in clinical practice] | Full text not available |
| 95 | Poulsen | 1992 | Evaluation of a dipstick test for microalbuminuria in three different clinical settings, including the correlation with urinary albumin excretion rate | Full text not available |
| 96 | Allen | 1991 | Dipstick analysis of urinary protein. A comparison of Chempstrip-9 and Multistix-10SG | Full text not available |
| 97 | Coonrod | 1989 | Assessment of AlbuSure and its usefulness in identifying IDDM subjects at increased risk for developing clinical diabetic nephropathy | Full text not available |
| 98 | Poulsen | 1995 | Evaluation of a new semiquantitative stix for microalbuminuria | Letter to the editor |
| 99 | Dajak | 2012 | [Evaluation of methods for rapid microalbuminuria screening in kidney disease patients] | Serbian language |