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. 2021 Nov 5;11:21730. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01023-w

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Predicted production profile obtained with Patzek reduced-order model from the ANN with parameter loss function (8) before (left) and after (right) transfer learning with data from 100 DFN simulations. Observe that training with small amount of high-fidelity data from DFN simulations allows the ANN to capture the production profile generated by a high-fidelity model, but without transfer learning, the predicted results are not useful.