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. 2021 Nov 5;11:21730. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01023-w

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2021

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Predicted production profile obtained with Patzek reduced-order model from the ANN with parameter loss function (7) before (left) and after (right) transfer learning. In the previous figure, we observed that before transfer learning, the predicted parameters were reasonable. However, here we see that training with synthetic data from the Patzek reduced-order model is not able to capture the production profile generated by a high-fidelity model, but transfer learning with synthetic data from 100 DFN simulations is able to correct the discrepancy.