Fig. 3. Outcome-irrelevant learning.

The figure illustrates two sequential trial analyses (previously reported in Shahar et al.), demonstrating outcome-irrelevant value learning. These analyses examined a tendency to repeat a response key selection from trial n to trial n + 1, as a function of reward. A, B First-stage score—In this analysis, we show the influence of reward delivery on a tendency to re-select a response key during the first stage of the n + 1 trial, which was previously selected in the second stage of the n trial. For example, if the individual selected a fractal with a left response key press in the second stage of trial n, the left response key is more/less likely to be selected in the first stage of the following trial as a function of the reward/unrewarded outcome in trial n, respectively, as shown in panel (B). C, D Second-stage score I—In this analysis, we demonstrate the influence of reward delivery on a tendency to re-select a response key in the second stage of the n + 1 trial, which was previously selected during the second stage of the n trial. This analysis included only trials in which a different pair of fractals was offered in the n and n + 1 trial. For example, if the individual selected a fractal with a left response key press in the second stage of trial n, the left response key is more/less likely to be selected in the second stage of the following trial as a function of reward/unrewarded outcome in trial n, as shown in panel (D) (for second-stage score II, see Supplementary Iinformation).