Table 1.
Characteristics of the CARDIA participants included in the analytic sample by actigraphy-assessed sleep duration.
| Short sleep duration (<6 hours) (n=90) |
Normal sleep duration (6-8.9 hours) (n=420) |
Long sleep duration (≥9 hours) (n=137) |
p-value Short vs Normal sleep duration | p-value Long vs Normal sleep duration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 54.1 (3.8) | 55.0 (3.7) | 54.4 (3.6) | 0.058 | 0.094 |
| Female, % | 46.7 | 60.0 | 66.4 | 0.013 | 0.192 |
| African American, % | 77.8 | 56.9 | 62.8 | <0.001 | 0.210 |
| Education < high school, % | 5.6 | 4.5 | 7.3 | 0.695 | 0.261 |
| aField center-Birmingham | 58.9 | 59.8 | 58.4 | 0.734 | 0.956 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 31.6 (7.1) | 30.9 (6.7) | 31.5 (7.4) | 0.401 | 0.400 |
| bPhysical activity ≥300 EU, % | 23.6 | 35.2 | 33.6 | 0.047 | 0.725 |
| Current smoking, % | 20.0 | 14.3 | 16.9 | 0.168 | 0.459 |
| Alcohol use, % | |||||
| Non-drinker | 50.6 | 52.6 | 52.6 | ||
| Moderate drinker | 39.3 | 34.5 | 36.5 | 0.930 | 0.784 |
| Heavy drinker | 10.1 | 12.9 | 11.0 | ||
| cHigh risk for depression, % | 24.7 | 14.6 | 19.4 | 0.017 | 0.183 |
| dHigh likelihood of OSA, % | 22.7 | 19.2 | 21.3 | 0.443 | 0.584 |
| Diabetes, % | 16.8 | 16.0 | 18.3 | 0.881 | 0.542 |
| eGFR <60 ml/min/m2, % | 2.3 | 3.1 | 6.6 | 0.665 | 0.077 |
| Albumin to creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g, % | 10.1 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 0.336 | 0.951 |
| ePrevalent clinic hypertension, % | 41.1 | 45.0 | 52.6 | 0.510 | 0.111 |
| Antihypertensive medication use, % | 33.3 | 39.1 | 45.3 | 0.319 | 0.195 |
| Mean clinic BP | |||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 126 (21) | 120 (16) | 122 (17) | 0.013 | 0.304 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 77 (14) | 74 (10) | 75 (10) | 0.026 | 0.053 |
| Mean awake BP | |||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 133 (16) | 130 (15) | 130 (17) | 0.098 | 0.664 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 83 (10) | 81 (9) | 81 (9) | 0.057 | 0.350 |
| Mean sleep BP | |||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 115 (16) | 111 (15) | 114 (17) | 0.029 | 0.083 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 69 (11) | 66 (9) | 69 (9) | 0.035 | 0.007 |
| Mean 24-hour BP | |||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 129 (15) | 124 (14) | 123 (16) | 0.003 | 0.819 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 80 (9) | 76 (8) | 76 (8) | 0.001 | 0.954 |
| fBP dipping ratio | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.215 | 0.033 |
| gNocturnal hypertension | 45.6 | 36.0 | 46.7 | 0.074 | 0.020 |
| hNon-dipping, % | 26.7 | 28.1 | 37.2 | 0.785 | 0.038 |
| Self-reported sleep quality score on ABPM | 3.4 (3.4) | 4.3 (3.0) | 4.1 (3.4) | 0.020 | 0.569 |
| Total sleep time (hours) | 4.5 (0.8) | 6.9 (0.8) | 8.8 (1.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Wake after sleep onset (hours) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Modified sleep efficiency, % | 91.8 | 92.6 | 90.9 | 0.254 | 0.049 |
| Fragmentation index, % | 12.7 | 12.1 | 13.7 | 0.519 | 0.071 |
Data are expressed as percentage or mean (SD) and represent un-imputed results.
The data for the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study were collected at Birmingham and Chicago Field Centers.
Physical activity is defined by a score ≥ 300 on the CARDIA physical activity questionnaire.
High risk of depression as determined on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Score ≥16).
High likelihood of obstructive sleep apnea as determined on the STOP-BANG questionnaire (Score ≥5).
Prevalent clinic hypertension is defined as a mean clinic systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or mean clinic diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or self-report of current antihypertensive medication use.
Blood pressure dipping ratio was calculated as the ratio of mean sleep to awake systolic blood pressure.
Non-dipping is defined as mean sleep to awake systolic blood pressure ratio >0.90.
Defined as systolic blood pressure ≥120 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥70 mm Hg.
CES= Center for Epidemiological Studies
eGFR= Estimated glomerular filtration rate
OSA= Obstructive sleep apnea
BP= Blood pressure
SBP= Systolic blood pressure
DBP= Diastolic blood pressure
ABPM= Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
EU= Exercise units