Figure 1.

Systemic metabolic imbalance in MDD

(A–D) Serum lipids (HDL, high density lipoprotein and LDL, low density lipoprotein, here shown as LDL/HDL ratio) (A), waist/hip ratio (B), as well as systolic (C) and diastolic (D) blood pressure levels were determined in 28 patients with MDD and matched HC. Raw data and group median are shown. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare groups.

(E) Serum metabolomics group comparison in HC versus MDD. In total, 3,511 features were detected by liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dashed lines on the x axis indicate threshold values separating metabolites with >2-fold expression in MDD versus HC (+1) or <0.5-fold expression in MDD versus HC (−1). The dotted line on the y axis represents the threshold value for the selected level of significance (p < 0.05).