Table 3.
In vivo triclosan toxicity
| Experimental model | TCS dose | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male Sprague Dawley rats | 10 μM in hippocampus | ↓ Spatial memory performance | Arias-Cavieres et al. (2018) |
| C57BL/6 J male and female mice | 0, 0.03 and 0.345 mmol/kg subcutaneous | Offspring ↓ spatial memory performance, ↑ Cognitive dysfunction, ↑ Social deficiency, ↑ Anxiety-like behavior, ↓ Nesting-behavior | Tran et al. (2020) |
| Adult male NMRI mice | 3.45, 7 and 13.81 mmol/kg oral | ↑ Anxiety-related behavior ↓ Motor coordination, muscle strength, neuromuscular function ↑ Morphological changes ↓ Neuronal count | Tabari et al. (2019) |
| Mice | 0.02, 0.04 and 0.09 mmol/kg intraperitoneal, 0.138 mmol/kg intraperitoneal | ↓ Cardiovascular functions ↓ Skeletal muscle contractility | Cherednichenko et al. (2012) |
| Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats | 0.1, 0.35, 1 and 2.1 mmol/kg/day | Placental bioaccumulation ↓ Serum progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, prolactin ↑ Placental steroid metabolism enzymes ↑ Progesterone, estrogen and androgen receptor expression Abortion induction ↓ Gravid uterine weight | Feng et al. (2016) |
| Female Sprague Dawley immature rats | 0.03, 0.13 and 0.65 mmol/kg | ↑ Uterine weight ↑ CaBP-9 k and C3 mRNA expression Estrogenic activity via ER-dependent pathway | Jung et al. (2012) |
| Female mice | 0.002, 0.0035 and 0.007 mmol subcutaneous injection | ↑ Endogenous and exogenous 17-β estradiol | Pollock et al. (2016) |
| 0.034 and 0.345 mmol/kg/day oral | ↓ LH, FSH, progesterone, GnRH ↓ Hypothalamic kisspeptin expression ↓ T3, T4 ↑ TSH and TRH | Cao et al. (2018) | |
| Female Sprague Dawley rats | 0.639 mmol/kg/day oral | ↓ T3, T4 ↑ Estradiol, FSH, LH | Abd-Elhakim et al. (2018) |
| Male Wistar albino rats | 0.034 and 0.173 mmol/kg | ↓ T3, T4, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and 5‐hydroxyndoleacetic acid | Taha et al. (2020) |
| Male Sprague Dawley rats | 0.173, 0.345 and 0.691 mmol/kg/day oral | Hypothyroidism induction ↑ Liver weight ↓ T3, T4 ↑ Deiodinase 3 protein and hepatic enzyme expression ↓ Thyroid peroxidase protein expression Histopathologic changes in rat thyroids ↑ p38 and JNK pathway | Zhang et al. (2018) |
| Female BALB/c nude mice with transplanted MCF-7 cells | 0.345 mmol/kg | ↑ Tumor mass via ER-dependent signaling pathway | Lee et al. (2014) |
| Female PPARα-humanized and wild-type mice | 0, 0.2 and 0.432 mmol/kg dermal | ↑ Liver increase and PPARα activation ↑ Production of hepatocyte peroxisomes | Tang et al. (2018) |
| Pregnant mice | 0.03 mmol/kg/day oral | Offspring: ↑ Food intake, body weight gain, visceral fat and adipocyte size ↓ Glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity ↑ Fasting plasma glucose | Hua et al. (2019) |
| Sprague Dawley rats | 0.034 and 0.173 mmol/kg oral | ↑ Blood glucose, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, leptin ↑ Hepatic TG ↓ Hepatic glycogen ↓ Diversity of gut microbiota | Ma et al. (2020) |
| Male C57BL/6 mice (knockout Atf4ΔHep and control Atf4F/F, Pparα-null) | 0.35 mM/day oral + high fat diet (HFD) | ↑ Protein deficiency ↑ Accumulation of lipid droplets and ALT levels ↑ Dysregulation of lipid metabolic genes ↓ Cholesterol levels ↑ Abdominal adipose tissue fat ↑ Development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and toxicant-associated steatohepatitis ↓ Gut microbiota diversity | Yueh et al. (2020) |
| Pathogen-free SD rats | 0.14, 0.45 or 1.4 μM, inhalation | ↑ Postdosing salivation ↑ Serum glucose (females) Histopathological changes in kidneys, liver, lung, trachea, larynx, nasal cavity and epididymides | Yang et al. (2015) |
| Male C57BL/6 mice | 0.034 and 0.345 mmol/kg/day oral | ↑ Liver weight and hepatic lipid levels ↑ Genes related to synthesis, fatty acid oxidation and inflammation | Huang et al. (2020) |
| Male Sprague Dawley rats | 0.034 μg/B.W. and 3.45 μg/B.W. intratracheal instillation | Acute pulmonary inflammation ↑ Total cell count, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, total protein, lactate acid dehydrogenase, TNFα, IL-6 Lung morphological changes | Kwon et al. (2013) |
| Mice | 0.034 and 0.276 mM | ↑ Spleen weight, IL-6 ↑ Inflammatory bowel disease ↑ Colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis ↓ Gut microbiota diversity | Yang et al. (2018) |
| Female BALB/c mice | 25 μl/ear volume of 2% TCS, topical | ↓ Total and activated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells at the infection site ↓ Th1 transcription factor T-bet | Shane et al. (2020) |
| Female Sprague Dawley rats | 0.64 mmol/kg, oral | Lung tissue: ↓ SOD, CAT and GSH ↑ MDA and LDH ↑ BcL-2 and caspase-3 expression ↑ Morphological changes | Mohammed et al. (2017) |