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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 22.
Published in final edited form as: Science. 2021 Oct 22;374(6566):eabb4149. doi: 10.1126/science.abb4149

Fig. 5. Effect of stimulation in the dmPFC on group interactions and its selectivity.

Fig. 5.

(A) Brief event-triggered electrical stimulation was delivered bilaterally to the dmPFC (200 Hz, 0.1 mA over 2 seconds, given between locking of the apparatus and trial start) as the primates performed the same task as before. Stimulation was given either when the animal was the actor (blue background) or when they were the observer (green background) for control comparison. (B) The bar plot provides the mean difference in probability of reciprocating, retaliating, or using the tit-for-tat strategy on stimulated vs. non-stimulated (baseline) trials ± SEM. Each point depicts individual sessions color-coded by the animal receiving stimulation. Additional controls used to confirm that stimulation did not affect more basic motoric behavior or cognitive processes such as attention are described in the Main Text. For specific comparisons * P < 0.05.