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. 2021 Nov 5;18:255. doi: 10.1186/s12974-021-02306-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Spinal cord carnosine and carnosine-propanal are depleted in acute EAE. UPLC-ESI–MS/MS-based quantification of histidine-containing dipeptides and their carbonyl conjugates shows changes in a, c carnosine, b, c carnosine-propanal and d homocarnosine, but not e anserine, in different stages of EAE compared to healthy control mice. n = 8–23 animals/group. Carnosine-propanal values (~ 0.0015 nmol/mgWW) were transformed (× 10³) to facilitate visualisation on the Y axis. f mRNA expression of key regulators involved in carnosine homeostasis was altered in EAE spinal cord compared to healthy controls. Gene expression data are fold changes vs. control mice. Due to high expression of Pht2 in EAE mice, data were transformed (× 10^–1) to allow visualisation. n = 6–7 animals/group. Carns1, carnosine synthase; Cndp1, carnosine dipeptidase 1; Cndp2, cytosolic non-specific dipeptidase 2; Pept2, peptide transporter 2 (Slc15a2); Pht1, peptide/histidine transporter 1 (Slc15a4); Pht2, peptide/histidine transporter 2 (Slc15a3); Taut, taurine transporter (Slc6a6). Data are mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis, post hoc testing *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 between the indicated groups (a, b, d, e) or vs. healthy control mice (f)