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. 2021 Nov 6;47:9–27. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.11.003

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

The immunomodulating actions of vitamin C, D, zinc and selenium and beneficial mechanisms proposed in the COVID-19 pathogenicity. The outer ring displays the immunomodulating properties of vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc and selenium while the internal ring displays the possible roles of these nutrients regarding COVID-19 infection. ACE2, angiotensin converting enzyme-2; IFN-α, Interferon α; NK cells, natural killer cells; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; TXNRD, thioredoxin reductase; SELENOS, selenoprotein S; MSRB1, methionine sulfoxide reductase B1; SELENOK, selenoprotein K [5,10,13,14,18,19,43,114,115].