TABLE 1.
Patient characteristics of three cohorts
| Characteristics | Training cohort | Internal validation cohort | p value (training vs. validation) | Independent test cohort | p value (training vs. test) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 56.56 ± 11.47 | 56.79 ± 10.62 | 0.4726 | 60.32 ± 38.30 | 0.0867 |
| Sex | 0.6997 | 0.6296 | |||
| Female | 125 | 42 | 26 | ||
| Male | 674 | 206 | 161 | ||
| Maximum tumor diameter (cm) | 4.73 ± 2.92 | 4.78 ± 2.82 | 0.2342 | 4.59 ± 3.12 | 0.1150 |
| Multiple tumors | 0.1575 | 0.4914 | |||
| No | 678 | 220 | 163 | ||
| Yes | 121 | 28 | 24 | ||
| Serum AFP level | 0.9889 | 0.3647 | |||
| Normal | 227 | 71 | 60 | ||
| Abnormal | 572 | 177 | 127 | ||
| Clinical stage | 0.9275 | 0.6359 | |||
| I/II | 692 | 216 | 165 | ||
| III/IV | 107 | 32 | 22 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 0.2578 | 0.7733 | |||
| Yes | 116 | 44 | 25 | ||
| No | 683 | 204 | 162 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 0.3310 | 0.0005 | |||
| Yes | 349 | 99 | 55 | ||
| No | 450 | 149 | 132 | ||
| Symptoms | 0.8340 | 0.0037 | |||
| Yes | 597 | 183 | 159 | ||
| No | 202 | 65 | 28 |
Abbreviation: AFP, alpha‐fetoprotein.