Table 3.

Regression model and moderated model of student’s degree of approval during COVID-19

	Model 1		Model 2
	Coefficient	ESa	Coefficient	ES
Intercept	4.48***		4.48***
Independent variables
Gender	0.01***	0.02	0.01*	0.02
SES	− 0.01***	0.02	− 0.01***	0.03
School location	− 0.02*	0.03	− 0.01
Learning location	− 0.00		− 0.00
Previous achievement	0.13***	0.28	0.13***	0.28
Interactions
Gender × previous achievement			0.01
SES × previous achievement			0.01
School location × previous achievement			− 0.02
Learning location × previous achievement			0.01
Standard deviation	0.454		0.454
Degrees of freedom	132,734		132,730
R-squared	1.68%		1.68%

In model 1, gender, SES, school location, learning location, and previous achievement were used to regress the student’s degree of approval. Because previous achievement is an effective predictor of model 1, the interaction between previous achievement and other variables is added in model 2

^aEffect size (ES) was calculated by dividing the β coefficient of each predictive variable by the standard deviation of the estimated results in model 1: 0.454

*p < 0.05

**p < 0.01

***p < 0.001