Table 1.
Demographic, Clinical, and Psychological Characteristics of Male and Female Outpatients with Diabetes
| Variables | Male (n =116) | Female (n =100) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | t-test | p | |
| Age (years) | 57.54 | 7.17 | 58.37 | 7.46 | t(214) = 0.899 | 0.370 |
| HbA1c (percent) | 6.92 | 1.20 | 6.89 | 1.23 | t(194) = −1.72 | 0.864 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 10.30 | 7.38 | 8.51 | 6.62 | t(214) = −1.87 | 0.064 |
| PAID total score | 9.21 | 12.69 | 13.47 | 15.86 | t(214) = 2.19 | 0.029d |
| WHO-5 total score | 16.50 | 6.36 | 15.36 | 6.61 | t(214) = −1.29 | 0.198 |
| Mean PHQ-9 total score | 3.93 | 4.87 | 5.17 | 5.29 | t(214) = 1.79 | 0.075 |
Note: dCohen’s d = 0.299 - small effect.
Abbreviations: HBA1c, glycated hemoglobin; PAID, Problem Areas in Diabetes Questionnaire; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; WHO-5, World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index.