Table 3.
The Results of the Correlation Analysis Between PAID Items and WHO-5, PHQ-9, Age, HbA1c and Duration of Diabetes (N = 216); Comparison of PAID Results in Individuals with and without Depression
| Variables | PAID Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Statistic | p | ||||||
| Age (years) | r = −0.223 | < 0.001 | |||||
| HbA1c (percent) | r = 0.204 | = 0.004 | |||||
| Duration of diabetes (years) | r = 0.086 | = 0.207 | |||||
| WHO-5 total score | r = - 0.524 | < 0.001 | |||||
| PHQ-9 total score | r = 0.556 | < 0.001 | |||||
| M (SD) | Mrank | Statistic | p | Effect size | |||
| Depression (n = 32) | 28.69 (20.50) | 168.44 | U = 1026.00 | < 0.001 | gHedges = 1.65 large effect | ||
| No depression (n = 184) | 8.14 (10.41) | 98.08 | |||||
Abbreviations: HBA1c, glycated hemoglobin; PAID, Problem Areas in Diabetes Questionnaire; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; WHO-5, World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index.