TABLE 1.
Nature and properties of mitochondrial EVs.
| EV source | Disease link | Type of EV | Effect on target cells | References |
| Microglia, astrocytes (LPS) | Neurodegeneration | Mitochondria, lEVs (<10 k × g) | Pro-inflammatory effect | Joshi et al., 2019 |
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| THP1 (LPS) | Mitochondria, lEVs (<18 k × g) | Pro-inflammatory effect | Puhm et al., 2019 | |
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| Platelets (LPS) | Rheumatoid arthritis | Mitochondria, EVs (>100 nm), MTR+, JC1+ | Pro-inflammatory effect | Boudreau et al., 2014 |
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| Neural stem cells | EVs (>1 k × g), MTR+, JC1+ | Stimulates OXPHOS, inhibits the pro-inflammatory activity of LPS-activated macrophages | Peruzzotti-Jametti et al., 2021 | |
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| Platelets | Wound healing | EVs (trans-well cultures) | Stimulates pro-angiogenic properties of MSCs causes metabolic remodeling | Levoux et al., 2021 |
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| MSCs | sEVs + lEVs | In macrophages, enhances their bioenergetics, blocks their activation | Phinney et al., 2015 | |
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| T cells | sEVs (>10 k × g) | Induces antiviral responses in dendritic cells | Torralba et al., 2018 | |
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| Plasma, breast cancer cells | Cancer | sEVs (>12 k × g) | Exit from metabolic dormancy | Sansone et al., 2017 |
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| Bronchoalveolar lavage Myeloid-derived regulatory cells | Asthma | sEVs (>10 k × g), MTR+ Exosomes kit isolation | Transfer to T cells, increasing ROS | Hough et al., 2018 |
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| Adipocytes | Heart ischemia/reperfusion | sEVs (>10 k × g) | Increases ROS in cardiomyocytes, protective role | Crewe et al., 2021 |
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| MEFs, U2OS | sEVs + lEVs | Oxidized mitochondrial content is excluded from EVs, preventing DAMP-induced inflammation in RAW cells | Todkar et al., 2021 | |
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| PC12, fibroblasts, cerebrospinal fluid | Parkinson’s disease | EVs (<60 k × g), JC1+ | Mitochondria quality control, not tested on recipient cells | Choong et al., 2020 |
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| Cerebrospinal fluid | Subarachnoid hemorrhage | lEVs (14 k × rpm), JC1+ | Not tested on target cells, correlates with better outcome | Chou et al., 2017 |
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| Brain | Down syndrome | sEVs (>10 k × g) | D’Acunzo et al., 2021 | |
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| Melanoma cells, plasma | Melanoma | sEVs + lEVs | Jang et al., 2019 | |
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| Plasma, cancer cells | Cancer | sEVs (<16 k × g), MTR+ | Al Amir Dache et al., 2020 | |
EV type classification was normalized to reflect the MISEV2018 guidelines (Théry et al., 2018) and the centrifugation speed noted when available. sEVs, small EVs; lEVs, large EVs; MTR, mitotracker.