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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 7.
Published in final edited form as: Rev Neurosci. 2019 Dec 18;31(1):1–57. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0096

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

Four different research questions on the relation between brain structure and cognitive ability, as illustrated with Cattell’s (1988) data box.

Panel A: research question type 1 refers to interindividual differences in a measure of brain structure or cognitive ability assessed at one measurement occasion. Panel B: research question type 2 refers to intraindividual changes in a measure of brain structure or cognitive ability assessed across several measurement occasions. Panel C: research question type 3 refers to the bivariate association between interindividual differences in a measure of brain structure and interindividual differences in a measure of cognitive ability assessed at one measurement occasion (correlation). Panel D: research question type 4 refers to the bivariate association between intraindividual change in a measure of brain structure and intraindividual change in a measure of cognitive ability assessed across several measurement occasions (correlated change).