. 2021 Apr 25;60(8):4115–4130. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02545-9

Table 3.

Studies associating dietary patterns with the metabolome and the gut microbiome

	Single metabolites	Metabolite patterns or scores	Single bacterial taxa	Population groups of bacterial taxa
Hypothesis-driven dietary patterns (DPs)	Four DPs related to the ratio of 363 metabolites [64], Two DPs related to 4369 metabolites [68], Four DPs related to 116 metabolites [71], Mediterranean DP associated with three short-chain fatty acids [72], four diet quality indexes associated with 1316 metabolites [74], four DPs related to several metabolites [76], Patterns of meat and seafood consumption related to 42 metabolites [77], Mediterranean DP associated with 1165 metabolites [78], Mediterranean DP associated with 59 metabolites [81], Mediterranean DP associated with 175 metabolites [84]	Mediterranean DP associated with a metabolite score [84]	Three DPs related to 26 bacteria [70], Mediterranean diet associated with several bacteria [72], Mediterranean DP and Healthy Food DP related to several taxa [73], Two DPs related to several bacterial taxa [87]	Three DPs associated with enterotypes [81], unprocessed foods and processed food groups associated with phylogenetically grouped bacterial taxa [86], Two DPs related to two enterotypes [87]
Exploratory DPs	Seven PCA-derived DPs related to ratio of 363 metabolites [64], Three Cluster analysis-derived DPs related to plasma fatty acid profiles and metabolomic data [65], Seven PCA-derived DPs related to 163 metabolites [67], sparse PCA-derived meat and vegetable DPs associated with 130 metabolites [81]	Five TT-derived DPs related to eight TT-derived metabolite patterns [50], DPs explaining a maximum variation in the concentration of the seven classes of chemically similar metabolites were derived by RRR [66], Two PCA-derived DPs correlated with two PCA-derived metabolite patterns [74], RRR-derive DP associated with branched chain amino acids [79], RRR-derive DP associated with 853 metabolites [82]	Three cluster analysis-derived DPs related to seven bacteria [69], factor analysis-derived DPs associated with several bacteria taxa [85], Three PCA-derived DP associated with 24 bacterial taxa [86] two DPs were related to several bacteria taxa [89]	Five TT-derived DPs related to seven TT-derived groups of bacteria [50]

Single metabolites

Metabolite patterns or scores

Single bacterial taxa

Population groups of bacterial taxa

Hypothesis-driven dietary patterns (DPs)

Four DPs related to the ratio of 363 metabolites [64], Two DPs related to 4369 metabolites [68], Four DPs related to 116 metabolites [71], Mediterranean DP associated with three short-chain fatty acids [72], four diet quality indexes associated with 1316 metabolites [74], four DPs related to several metabolites [76], Patterns of meat and seafood consumption related to 42 metabolites [77], Mediterranean DP associated with 1165 metabolites [78], Mediterranean DP associated with 59 metabolites [81], Mediterranean DP associated with 175 metabolites [84]

Mediterranean DP associated with a metabolite score [84]

Three DPs related to 26 bacteria [70], Mediterranean diet associated with several bacteria [72], Mediterranean DP and Healthy Food DP related to several taxa [73], Two DPs related to several bacterial taxa [87]

Three DPs associated with enterotypes [81], unprocessed foods and processed food groups associated with phylogenetically grouped bacterial taxa [86], Two DPs related to two enterotypes [87]

Exploratory DPs

Seven PCA-derived DPs related to ratio of 363 metabolites [64], Three Cluster analysis-derived DPs related to plasma fatty acid profiles and metabolomic data [65], Seven PCA-derived DPs related to 163 metabolites [67],

sparse PCA-derived meat and vegetable DPs associated with 130 metabolites [81]

Five TT-derived DPs related to eight TT-derived metabolite patterns [50], DPs explaining a maximum variation in the concentration of the seven classes of chemically similar metabolites were derived by RRR [66], Two PCA-derived DPs correlated with two PCA-derived metabolite patterns [74], RRR-derive DP associated with branched chain amino acids [79], RRR-derive DP associated with 853 metabolites [82]

Three cluster analysis-derived DPs related to seven bacteria [69], factor analysis-derived DPs associated with several bacteria taxa [85], Three PCA-derived DP associated with 24 bacterial taxa [86] two DPs were related to several bacteria taxa [89]

Five TT-derived DPs related to seven TT-derived groups of bacteria [50]