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. 2021 Jun 21;60(8):4579–4593. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02600-5

Table 3.

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for meat consumption and Cancer of Unknown Primary risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study, stratified for sex

Men only Women only
Categorical median (grams per day) Subcohort members (n = 2022) Cancer of Unknown Primary cases (n = 568) Categorical median (grams per day) Subcohort members (n = 2089) Cancer of Unknown Primary cases (n = 331)
Person time at risk (years) Cases Multivariable adjusteda Person time at risk (years) Cases Multivariable adjusteda
n HR 95% CI n HR 95% CI
Red meat (overall)
 Q1 50 8 143 135 1 Reference 41 9 290 70 1 Reference
 Q2 79 7 692 142 1.07 (0.81–1.42) 68 9 376 82 1.19 (0.85–1.68)
 Q3 100 7 856 146 1.10 (0.83–1.44) 88 9 328 102 1.43 (1.03–2.00)
 Q4 139 8 222 145 1.01 (0.76–1.35) 125 9326 77 1.09 (0.77–1.54)
 p for trendb 0.70 0.20
 Continuous, 50 g per day increments 32 182 568 1.02 (0.91–1.16) 37 320 331 1.10 (0.95–1.27)
Beef
 Q1 4 7 988 133 1 Reference 3 9 305 66 1 Reference
 Q2 16 8 003 134 0.97 (0.73–1.29) 14 9 062 74 1.15 (0.81–1.65)
 Q3 30 8 116 138 0.97 (0.73–1.29) 26 9 870 93 1.34 (0.95–1.88)
 Q4 53 8 076 163 1.12 (0.85–1.47) 47 9 083 98 1.47 (1.04–2.07)
 p for trendb 0.31 0.004
 Continuous, 50 g per day increments 32 182 568 1.11 (0.91–1.37) 37 320 331 1.41 (1.11–1.78)
Pork
 Q1 9 8 157 128 1 Reference 5 9 305 86 1 Reference
 Q2 28 8 037 151 1.13 (0.85–1.49) 23 9 271 99 1.16 (0.85–1.59)
 Q3 44 7 787 137 1.07 (0.80–1.43) 40 9 502 79 0.90 (0.64–1.25)
 Q4 74 8 202 152 1.15 (0.86–1.53) 65 9 244 67 0.75 (0.53–1.06)
 p for trendb 0.49 0.10
 Continuous, 50 g per day increments 32 182 568 1.06 (0.90–1.25) 37 320 331 0.83 (0.66–1.04)
Minced meat
 Q1 3 7 829 162 1 Reference 0 9 103 75 1 Reference
 Q2 12 8 049 151 0.92 (0.70–1.20) 10 9 056 88 1.20 (0.86–1.68)
 Q3 21 8 138 127 0.76 (0.58–1.00) 18 9 663 80 1.07 (0.76–1.52)
 Q4 38 8 166 128 0.78 (0.59–1.03) 33 9 498 88 1.19 (0.85–1.67)
 p for trendb 0.07 0.53
 Continuous, 50 g per day increments 32 182 568 0.76 (0.56–1.03) 37 320 331 1.13 (0.77–1.64)
Liver
 C1 0 19 695 362 1 Reference 0 25 092 223 1 Reference
 C2 4 12 488 206 0.92 (0.75–1.12) 3 12 229 108 1.03 (0.80–1.33)
 p for trendb 0.88 0.98
 Continuous, 25 g per day increments 32 182 568 0.95 (0.52–1.75) 37 320 331 0.99 (0.45–2.19)
Poultry
 C1 0 7 542 121 1 Reference 0 8 580 82 1 Reference
 C2 5 7 248 151 1.33 (1.00–1.76) 5 9 797 79 0.87 (0.62–1.21)
 C3 13 8 044 139 1.08 (0.81–1.44) 13 8 526 88 1.14 (0.82–1.59)
 C4 23 9 348 157 1.07 (0.80–1.41) 23 10 417 82 0.84 (0.60–1.17)
 p for trendb 0.87 0.11
 Continuous, 50 g per day increments 32 182 568 0.97 (0.67–1.40) 37 320 331 0.73 (0.50–1.07)
Processed meat
 Q1 1 8 075 135 1 Reference 0 8 986 66 1 Reference
 Q2 8 7 974 126 0.98 (0.74–1.30) 4 9 975 90 1.25 (0.88–1.76)
 Q3 16 8 097 149 1.15 (0.87–1.53) 11 8 998 73 1.12 (0.78–1.61)
 Q4 33 8 036 158 1.33 (0.99–1.79) 22 9 362 102 1.53 (1.08–2.16)
 p for trend2 0.15 0.001
 Continuous, 25 g per day increments 32 182 568 1.11 (0.96–1.28) 37 320 331 1.50 (1.17–1.93)
Fish
 Q1 0 8 231 119 1 Reference 0 11 617 89 1 Reference
 Q2 5 7 256 144 1.36 (1.02–1.81) 5 8 336 72 1.18 (0.84–1.66)
 Q3 15 10 054 169 1.12 (0.85–1.48) 15 10 991 117 1.43 (1.05–1.95)
 Q4 32 6 642 136 1.31 (0.98–1.76) 28 6 377 53 1.10 (0.76–1.61)
 p for trend2 0.22 0.99
 Continuous, 25 g per day increments 32 182 568 1.10 (0.95–1.27) 37 320 331 1.00 (0.82–1.21)

aAnalyses were adjusted for age at baseline (years), alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking status (never/ever), cigarette smo frequency (continuous, centered), cigarette smoking duration (continuous, centered), and total energy intake (kcal/day)

bTests for dose–response trends were assessed by fitting ordinal variables as continuous terms in the Cox proportional hazards model