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. 2021 Nov 6;7:337. doi: 10.1038/s41420-021-00729-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a TEM (transmission electron microscopy) of serum-derived EVs (extracellular vesicles) from sepsis patients. Scale bar = 200 nm. b Biomarkers of sepsis patient serum EVs. Immunoblots are representative of three separate experiments. c, d Size distribution and number of EVs analyzed by NTA. e Serum-HMGB1, EVs-HMGB1 and EVs-free-serum HMGB1 levels in the sepsis patients. (**) P < 0.01 versus Serum group; (^&&) P < 0.01 versus EVs group. f EVs HMGB1 and EVs-lysis HMGB1 levels in the sepsis serum, ns: no significance. g Macrophages were cleaned out with clodronate for 48 h and exposed to LPS for another 8 h, serum-derived EVs were collected. h F4/80 staining in all groups; Scale bar = 200 μm. i HMGB1 level in serum-derived EVs in all groups, the proteins were normalized by GAPDH, (**) P < 0.01 versus control-EVs group; (^&&) P < 0.01 versus LPS-EVs group. j TEM of Raw264.7 EVs. Scale bar = 100 nm. k EVs biomarkers and HMGB1 in Raw264.7 derived EVs. Immunoblots are representative of three separate experiments. l Number of EVs analyzed by NTA. m HMGB1 in Raw264.7 derived EVs exposed to different concentrations of LPS protein was normalized to GAPDH protein. Immunoblots are representative of three separate experiments. n EVs HMGB1 and levels in the LPS-induced macrophage culture medium at different time points. (*) P < 0.05 versus 0 h group; (**) P < 0.01 versus 0 h group.