Table 1.
Characteristics of patients included in this study
| Characteristic | Total (n=193) | Male (n=114) | Female (n=79) | P value |
| Age (years) | 55.45±11.73 | 53.25±12.29 | 58.62±10.13 | 0.002 |
| Duration (months) | 84(24,132) | 72(12,123) | 96(36,144) | 0.091 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.08±3.42 | 26.66±3.07 | 25.25±3.73 | 0.005 |
| WHR | 0.94±0.06 | 0.95±0.05 | 0.92±0.06 | 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/L) | 6.76±1.91 | 7.53±1.78 | 5.65±1.50 | <0.01 |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 0.98±0.33 | 1.01±0.34 | 0.93±0.31 | 0.129 |
| Cre/CysC | 7.26±2.06 | 7.86±2.07 | 6.38±1.71 | <0.01 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 42.53±4.62 | 42.97±4.41 | 41.90±4.87 | 0.115 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.47±1.52 | 5.60±1.55 | 5.30±1.47 | 0.177 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.45 (0.98,2.12) | 1.52 (1.16,2.27） | 1.23 (0.83,1.84） | 0.004 |
| TCH (mmol/L) | 4.54±1.15 | 4.36±1.14 | 4.80±1.13 | 0.009 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.11±0.29 | 1.03±0.25 | 1.22±0.31 | <0.001 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.63±0.86 | 2.47±0.82 | 2.86±0.87 | 0.002 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.65±1.90 | 8.51±1.89 | 8.85±1.92 | 0.231 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 7.24±2.28 | 6.91±1.95 | 7.72±2.63 | 0.021 |
| FCP (ng/mL) | 2.22±0.94 | 2.36±0.89 | 2.02±0.97 | 0.02 |
| HOMA2 %B | 79.29±44.05 | 87.89±44.76 | 66.96±40.20 | 0.002 |
| HOMA2 %S | 66.35±34.08 | 62.20±29.53 | 72.30±39.17 | 0.059 |
| HOMA2 IR | 1.83±0.82 | 1.89±0.77 | 1.74±0.88 | 0.248 |
| Hypertension (%) | 89 (46.11) | 54 (47.37) | 35 (44.30) | 0.675 |
| CV disease (%) | 59 (30.57) | 29 (25.44) | 30 (37.97) | 0.063 |
| DPN (%) | 147 (76.17) | 87 (76.32) | 60 (75.95) | 0.953 |
| LEAD (%) | 109 (56.48) | 63 (55.26) | 46 (58.23) | 0.683 |
| DN (%) | 82 (42.49) | 47 (41.23) | 35 (44.30) | 0.671 |
| DR (%) | 44 (22.80) | 23 (20.18) | 21 (26.58) | 0.297 |
| SMI (cm2/m2) | 47.80±8.71 | 52.59±6.81 | 40.87±6.11 | <0.001 |
| MMA (HU) | 37.11±6.82 | 39.14±5.95 | 34.17±6.96 | <0.001 |
| FMI (kg/m2) | 8.63±1.82 | 8.36±1.72 | 9.01±1.89 | 0.014 |
BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cre/CysC, creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio; CV, cardiovascular; DN, diabetic nephropathy; DPN, diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DR, diabetic retinopathy; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FCP, fasting C peptide; FMI, fat mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1C; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; HOMA2, homeostasis model assessment; IR, Insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; LEAD, lower extremity arterial disease; MMA, mean skeletal muscle attenuation; SMI, skeletal muscle index; TCH, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; WHR, waist–hip ratio.