Table 2.

Strategies for lipid metabolism in tumor-infiltrating immune cells

Mechanism	Type	Example	Phase	Tumor type	Trial number	Effect	References
Fatty acids	CD36 antibody	CD36 antibody	Preclinical	Melanoma; colon cancer; lymphoma	NA	1. Ablating the function of intratumor Tregs; 2. Reducing antigen presentation ability of DC	[82, 133]
	ACC inhibitor	Metformin	Phase II	Esophageal Cancer	ChiCTR-ICR-15005940	Increasing CD8+ T cell amount and decreasing tumor-associated macrophages	[143]
	FASN inhibitor	C75	Preclinical	Thyroid carcinoma, neuroblastoma	NA	Reducing IL-1β, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10 levels in macrophages	[88]
	CPT1 inhibitor	Etomoxir	Preclinical	Breast, colon, lung, and prostate tumor	NA	1. Abrogating the pro-tumor effects of TAMs; 2. Inhibiting tumor-infiltrating MDSCs	[85, 102]
		perhexiline	Preclinical	Breast cancer	NA	Boosting function of CD8+ Teffs	[74]
Cholesterol	LXRs agonist	RGX-104	Phase I a/b	Multiple tumors	NCT02922764	Suppressing survival and immunosuppressive function of MDSCs	[109]
	ACAT inhibitor	Avasimibe	NA	Melanoma	NA	Enhancing CTL responses	[57]
Extracellular vesicles	Exosomes	(DC)-derived exosomes (DEX) loaded with the MAGE tumor antigens	Phase I	NSCLC	NA	Controlling drug release in tumors	[158]
	Liposome/lipid-NP	DCR-MYC, TKM-080301, EphA2-targeting DOPC-encapsulated siRNA	Phase I/II	Hepatoma, recurrent Solid Tumors	NCT01591356, NCT02314052, NCT02191878	Enhancing drug delivery and minimize serious side effects	[156]