Table 2.
Characteristic of included studies.
| Author | Diagnosis criteria | level of blood pressure | Sample N/M/F | Mean age (years) | Interventions | Exercise prescription | Length of intervention (weeks) | Outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma, 2018 | NA | NA | 55/−/− | 69 ± 9.37 | TC + AHD | 3∼5 times/week, at least 60 mins/session | 24 | SBP; DBP |
| 58/−/− | AHD | |||||||
| Chen, 2013 | NA | NA | 50/−/− | 30∼82 | TC + AHD | 6 times/week, 30 mins/session | 12 | SBP; DBP |
| 18/−/− | AHD | |||||||
| Chen, 2016 | CGMH-2010 | NA | 28/15/13 | 69.98 ± 3.11 | BDJ + AHD | 5 times/week, 60 mins/session | 12 | SBP; DBP |
| 28/14/14 | 70.29 ± 1.77 | AHD | ||||||
| Chen, 2013 | CGMH-2005 | EH1 | 27/13/14 | 69.23 ± 3.72 | BDJ + AHD | 5times/week, 30 mins/session | 12 | SBP; DBP; NO; ET |
| 28/16/12 | 70.06 ± 3.51 | AHD | ||||||
| Chen, 2006 | CGMH-2005 | EH2, 3 | 2020/9/11 | 64.3 | TC + AHD | 1 time/day, 40 mins/session | 10 | SBP; DBP; NO |
| 20/13/7 | 60.7 | AHD | ||||||
| Dong, 2020 | CGMH-2005 | NA | 21/−/− | 30∼65 | BDJ + AHD | 5 times/week, 60 mins/session | 16 | SBP; DBP; ET |
| 21/−/− | AHD | |||||||
| Fan, 2021 | CGMH-2018 | EH1, 2 | 38/21/17 | 71.87 ± 0.76 | BDJ + AHD | 5 days/week, 30 mins/session | 12 | SBP; DBP |
| 38/19/19 | 71.95 ± 0.97 | AHD | 12 | |||||
| Han, 2010 | 1999 WHO-ISH | EH1, 2 | 30/−/− | 62.12 ± 10.51 | TC + AHD | 1∼2 times/day, 45∼60 mins/session | 260 | SBP; DBP |
| 28/−/− | AHD | |||||||
| He, 2015 | CGMH-2005 | EH1 | 42/22/20 | 68.51 ± 2.97 | BDJ + AHD | 5 times/week, 30 mins/session | 12 | SBP; DBP |
| 42/23/19 | 69.24 ± 2.45 | AHD | ||||||
| Jiang, 2019 | CGMH-2010 | EH1, 2 | 50/25/25 | 64.67 ± 3.15 | BDJ + AHD | At least 5 days/week, 2 times/day, 30 mins/session | 12 | SBP; DBP |
| 50/26/24 | 65.23 ± 3.23 | AHD | 12 | |||||
| Li, 2015 | CGMH-2004 | EH1, 2 | 30 | NA | WQX + AHD | 5∼6 times/week, 30 mins/session | 24 | SBP; DBP |
| 30 | AHD | |||||||
| Liang, 2016 | CGMH-2010 | NA | 30/17/13 | 68.1 ± 10.1 | BDJ + AHD | 2 times/day, 20 mins/session | 12 | SBP; DBP |
| 30/16/14 | 70.5 ± 10.2 | AHD | ||||||
| Lin, 2013 | WHO | EH1, 2 | 68/31/37 | NA | WQX + AHD | 6 times/week, 30 mins/session | 24 | SBP; DBP |
| 59/27/32 | AHD | |||||||
| Lin, 2017 | CGMH-2010 | EH1 | 58/−/− | 58 ± 7.48 | BDJ + AHD | 5 days/week, 1 time/day, 30∼40 mins/session | 24 | SBP; DBP; NO; ET |
| 58/−/− | AHD | |||||||
| Liu, 2017 | NA | EH1, 2 | 80/47/33 | 43 ± 6.57 | TC + AHD | 2 times/day, more than 40 mins/session | 24 | SBP; DBP |
| 77/48/29 | 42.6 ± 5.67 | AHD | ||||||
| Liu, 2018 | CGMH-2010 | EH1, 2 | 35/18/17 | 62.4 ± 2.4 | TC + AHD | 1 time/day, 40∼60 mins/session | 24 | SBP; DBP |
| 35/19/16 | 63.1 ± 2.1 | AHD | ||||||
| Liu, 2016 | CGMH-2015 | EH1, 2 | 30/16/14 | 56.33 ± 7.16 | TC + AHD | 5 times/week, 40 mins/session | 12 | NO; ET |
| 30/19/11 | 56.80 ± 6.78 | AHD | ||||||
| Luo, 2006 | 1999 WHO-ISH | NA | 44/24/20 | 44.74 ± 12.10 | TC + AHD | 1 time/day, 45 mins/session | 24 | SBP; DBP |
| 40/21/19 | 44.86 ± 13.05 | AHD | 24 | |||||
| Mao, 2006 | 1999 WHO-ISH | NA | 51/13/38 | 45∼70 | TC + AHD | 6 times/week, 60 mins/session | 8 | SBP; DBP; NO; ET |
| 2011/2/9 | 52∼72 | AHD | ||||||
| Pan, 2010 | 1999 WHO-ISH | EH1 | 24/14/10 | 62.1 ± 5.8 | BDJ + AHD | 5 days/week, 2 times/day, 45 mins/session | 24 | SBP; DBP |
| 24/13/11 | 61.4 ± 7.1 | AHD | ||||||
| Shen, 2016 | CGMH-2013 | EH1, 2 | 36/−/− | NA | WQX + AHD | 6 times/week, 60 mins/session | 24 | SBP; DBP |
| 33/−/− | AHD | |||||||
| Sun, 2010 | CGMH-2005 | EH1, 2 | 1932/7/25 | 57.19 ± 8.09 | TC + AHD | 6 times/week, 90 mins/session | 12 | SBP; DBP |
| 1932/10/22 | 57.25 ± 5.63 | AHD | ||||||
| Tang, 2009 | 1999 WHO-ISH | EH1, 2 | 2016/10/6 | 63.65 ± 8.71 | TC + AHD | 3∼5 times/week, 30∼60 mins/session | 24 | SBP; DBP |
| 2016/9/7 | 62.79 ± 7.43 | AHD | ||||||
| Wang, 2011 | CGMH-2005 | EH1, 2 | 30/−/− | NA | TC + AHD | 5 times/week, 60 mins/session | 16 | SBP; DBP |
| 30/−/− | AHD | |||||||
| Xu, 2016 | 1999 WHO-ISH | EH1, 2 | 30/17/13 | 38.07 ± 8.09 | TC + AHD | 2 times/day, 10 mins/session | 8 | SBP; DBP |
| 30/18/12 | 37.63 ± 9.09 | AHD | ||||||
| Xu, 2016 | 1999 WHO-ISH | EH1 | 50/25/25 | 69.38 ± 7.41 | TC + AHD | NA | 8 | SBP; DBP |
| 50/26/24 | 69.54 ± 7.37 | AHD | ||||||
| Yang, 2014 | CGMH-2010 | 140 mmHg ≤ SBP <170 mmHg, or 90 mmHg ≤ DBP | 33/13/20 | 60.07 ± 5.84 | BDJ + AHD | 5 times/week, 40 mins/session | 24 | SBP; DBP |
| <110 mmHg | 34/16/18 | 60.60 ± 7.37 | AHD | |||||
| Zheng, 2014 | CGMH-2005 | EH1 | 27/13/14 | 69.23 ± 3.72 | BDJ + AHD | 5 days/week, 1 time/day 30 mins/session | 12 | SBP; DBP; NO; ET |
| 28/16/12 | 70.06 ± 3.51 | AHD | ||||||
| Zheng, 2015 | CGMH-2010 | NA | 49/20/29 | 54.71 ± 5.43 | TC + AHD | 4∼8 times/week, 40∼60 mins/session | 12 | SBP; DBP |
| 49/20/29 | 55.77 ± 6.24 | AHD | ||||||
| Zhong, 2019 | CGMH-2010 | EH1, 2 | 2010/2/8 | 66.8 ± 3.26 | TC + AHD | 3 times/week, 60 mins/session | 12 | SBP; DBP |
| 2009/4/5 | 66.22 ± 3.27 | AHD |
SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; NO: nitric oxide; ET: endothelin; AHD: antihypertensive drugs; TC + AHD: Tai Chi plus antihypertensive drugs; BDJ + AHD: Baduanjin plus antihypertensive drugs; WQX + AHD: Wuqinxi plus antihypertensive drugs; EH: essential hypertension; CGMH: Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension; and NA: not available.