Table 1.

The primer sequences.

Gene	Sequence forward	Sequence reverse
TGF-β1	5′-CCAAGGAGACGGAATACAGG3′	5′-GTGTTGGTTGTAGAGGGCAAG-3′
Smad4	5′-TCAGCCAGCTACTTACCACCA-3′	5′-ACACGTCCCCTTCACCTTTAC-3′
β-Actin	5′-TGTATGCCTCTGGTCGTACCAC-3′	5′-ACAGAGTACTTGCGCTCAGGAG3′